module ActiveRecord # = Active Record Aggregations module Aggregations # :nodoc: extend ActiveSupport::Concern def clear_aggregation_cache #:nodoc: @aggregation_cache.clear if persisted? end # Active Record implements aggregation through a macro-like class method called +composed_of+ # for representing attributes as value objects. It expresses relationships like "Account [is] # composed of Money [among other things]" or "Person [is] composed of [an] address". Each call # to the macro adds a description of how the value objects are created from the attributes of # the entity object (when the entity is initialized either as a new object or from finding an # existing object) and how it can be turned back into attributes (when the entity is saved to # the database). # # class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base # composed_of :balance, class_name: "Money", mapping: %w(balance amount) # composed_of :address, mapping: [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ] # end # # The customer class now has the following methods to manipulate the value objects: # * Customer#balance, Customer#balance=(money) # * Customer#address, Customer#address=(address) # # These methods will operate with value objects like the ones described below: # # class Money # include Comparable # attr_reader :amount, :currency # EXCHANGE_RATES = { "USD_TO_DKK" => 6 } # # def initialize(amount, currency = "USD") # @amount, @currency = amount, currency # end # # def exchange_to(other_currency) # exchanged_amount = (amount * EXCHANGE_RATES["#{currency}_TO_#{other_currency}"]).floor # Money.new(exchanged_amount, other_currency) # end # # def ==(other_money) # amount == other_money.amount && currency == other_money.currency # end # # def <=>(other_money) # if currency == other_money.currency # amount <=> other_money.amount # else # amount <=> other_money.exchange_to(currency).amount # end # end # end # # class Address # attr_reader :street, :city # def initialize(street, city) # @street, @city = street, city # end # # def close_to?(other_address) # city == other_address.city # end # # def ==(other_address) # city == other_address.city && street == other_address.street # end # end # # Now it's possible to access attributes from the database through the value objects instead. If # you choose to name the composition the same as the attribute's name, it will be the only way to # access that attribute. That's the case with our +balance+ attribute. You interact with the value # objects just like you would with any other attribute: # # customer.balance = Money.new(20) # sets the Money value object and the attribute # customer.balance # => Money value object # customer.balance.exchange_to("DKK") # => Money.new(120, "DKK") # customer.balance > Money.new(10) # => true # customer.balance == Money.new(20) # => true # customer.balance < Money.new(5) # => false # # Value objects can also be composed of multiple attributes, such as the case of Address. The order # of the mappings will determine the order of the parameters. # # customer.address_street = "Hyancintvej" # customer.address_city = "Copenhagen" # customer.address # => Address.new("Hyancintvej", "Copenhagen") # # customer.address_street = "Vesterbrogade" # customer.address # => Address.new("Hyancintvej", "Copenhagen") # customer.clear_aggregation_cache # customer.address # => Address.new("Vesterbrogade", "Copenhagen") # # customer.address = Address.new("May Street", "Chicago") # customer.address_street # => "May Street" # customer.address_city # => "Chicago" # # == Writing value objects # # Value objects are immutable and interchangeable objects that represent a given value, such as # a Money object representing $5. Two Money objects both representing $5 should be equal (through # methods such as == and <=> from Comparable if ranking makes sense). This is # unlike entity objects where equality is determined by identity. An entity class such as Customer can # easily have two different objects that both have an address on Hyancintvej. Entity identity is # determined by object or relational unique identifiers (such as primary keys). Normal # ActiveRecord::Base classes are entity objects. # # It's also important to treat the value objects as immutable. Don't allow the Money object to have # its amount changed after creation. Create a new Money object with the new value instead. The # Money#exchange_to method is an example of this. It returns a new value object instead of changing # its own values. Active Record won't persist value objects that have been changed through means # other than the writer method. # # The immutable requirement is enforced by Active Record by freezing any object assigned as a value # object. Attempting to change it afterwards will result in a ActiveSupport::FrozenObjectError. # # Read more about value objects on http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObject and on the dangers of not # keeping value objects immutable on http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObjectsShouldBeImmutable # # == Custom constructors and converters # # By default value objects are initialized by calling the new constructor of the value # class passing each of the mapped attributes, in the order specified by the :mapping # option, as arguments. If the value class doesn't support this convention then +composed_of+ allows # a custom constructor to be specified. # # When a new value is assigned to the value object, the default assumption is that the new value # is an instance of the value class. Specifying a custom converter allows the new value to be automatically # converted to an instance of value class if necessary. # # For example, the NetworkResource model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that # should be aggregated using the NetAddr::CIDR value class (http://netaddr.rubyforge.org). The constructor # for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter. New # values can be assigned to the value object using either another NetAddr::CIDR object, a string # or an array. The :constructor and :converter options can be used to meet # these requirements: # # class NetworkResource < ActiveRecord::Base # composed_of :cidr, # class_name: 'NetAddr::CIDR', # mapping: [ %w(network_address network), %w(cidr_range bits) ], # allow_nil: true, # constructor: Proc.new { |network_address, cidr_range| NetAddr::CIDR.create("#{network_address}/#{cidr_range}") }, # converter: Proc.new { |value| NetAddr::CIDR.create(value.is_a?(Array) ? value.join('/') : value) } # end # # # This calls the :constructor # network_resource = NetworkResource.new(network_address: '192.168.0.1', cidr_range: 24) # # # These assignments will both use the :converter # network_resource.cidr = [ '192.168.2.1', 8 ] # network_resource.cidr = '192.168.0.1/24' # # # This assignment won't use the :converter as the value is already an instance of the value class # network_resource.cidr = NetAddr::CIDR.create('192.168.2.1/8') # # # Saving and then reloading will use the :constructor on reload # network_resource.save # network_resource.reload # # == Finding records by a value object # # Once a +composed_of+ relationship is specified for a model, records can be loaded from the database # by specifying an instance of the value object in the conditions hash. The following example # finds all customers with +balance_amount+ equal to 20 and +balance_currency+ equal to "USD": # # Customer.where(balance: Money.new(20, "USD")).all # module ClassMethods # Adds reader and writer methods for manipulating a value object: # composed_of :address adds address and address=(new_address) methods. # # Options are: # * :class_name - Specifies the class name of the association. Use it only if that name # can't be inferred from the part id. So composed_of :address will by default be linked # to the Address class, but if the real class name is CompanyAddress, you'll have to specify it # with this option. # * :mapping - Specifies the mapping of entity attributes to attributes of the value # object. Each mapping is represented as an array where the first item is the name of the # entity attribute and the second item is the name of the attribute in the value object. The # order in which mappings are defined determines the order in which attributes are sent to the # value class constructor. # * :allow_nil - Specifies that the value object will not be instantiated when all mapped # attributes are +nil+. Setting the value object to +nil+ has the effect of writing +nil+ to all # mapped attributes. # This defaults to +false+. # * :constructor - A symbol specifying the name of the constructor method or a Proc that # is called to initialize the value object. The constructor is passed all of the mapped attributes, # in the order that they are defined in the :mapping option, as arguments and uses them # to instantiate a :class_name object. # The default is :new. # * :converter - A symbol specifying the name of a class method of :class_name # or a Proc that is called when a new value is assigned to the value object. The converter is # passed the single value that is used in the assignment and is only called if the new value is # not an instance of :class_name. If :allow_nil is set to true, the converter # can return nil to skip the assignment. # # Option examples: # composed_of :temperature, mapping: %w(reading celsius) # composed_of :balance, class_name: "Money", mapping: %w(balance amount), # converter: Proc.new { |balance| balance.to_money } # composed_of :address, mapping: [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ] # composed_of :gps_location # composed_of :gps_location, allow_nil: true # composed_of :ip_address, # class_name: 'IPAddr', # mapping: %w(ip to_i), # constructor: Proc.new { |ip| IPAddr.new(ip, Socket::AF_INET) }, # converter: Proc.new { |ip| ip.is_a?(Integer) ? IPAddr.new(ip, Socket::AF_INET) : IPAddr.new(ip.to_s) } # def composed_of(part_id, options = {}) options.assert_valid_keys(:class_name, :mapping, :allow_nil, :constructor, :converter) name = part_id.id2name class_name = options[:class_name] || name.camelize mapping = options[:mapping] || [ name, name ] mapping = [ mapping ] unless mapping.first.is_a?(Array) allow_nil = options[:allow_nil] || false constructor = options[:constructor] || :new converter = options[:converter] reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor) writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter) create_reflection(:composed_of, part_id, nil, options, self) end private def reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor) define_method(name) do if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? {|pair| !read_attribute(pair.first).nil? }) attrs = mapping.collect {|pair| read_attribute(pair.first)} object = constructor.respond_to?(:call) ? constructor.call(*attrs) : class_name.constantize.send(constructor, *attrs) @aggregation_cache[name] = object end @aggregation_cache[name] end end def writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter) define_method("#{name}=") do |part| klass = class_name.constantize unless part.is_a?(klass) || converter.nil? || part.nil? part = converter.respond_to?(:call) ? converter.call(part) : klass.send(converter, part) end if part.nil? && allow_nil mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = nil } @aggregation_cache[name] = nil else mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = part.send(pair.last) } @aggregation_cache[name] = part.freeze end end end end end end