require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap' require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank' require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class' module ActionView # = Action View Template class Template extend ActiveSupport::Autoload # === Encodings in ActionView::Template # # ActionView::Template is one of a few sources of potential # encoding issues in Rails. This is because the source for # templates are usually read from disk, and Ruby (like most # encoding-aware programming languages) assumes that the # String retrieved through File IO is encoded in the # default_external encoding. In Rails, the default # default_external encoding is UTF-8. # # As a result, if a user saves their template as ISO-8859-1 # (for instance, using a non-Unicode-aware text editor), # and uses characters outside of the ASCII range, their # users will see diamonds with question marks in them in # the browser. # # For the rest of this documentation, when we say "UTF-8", # we mean "UTF-8 or whatever the default_internal encoding # is set to". By default, it will be UTF-8. # # To mitigate this problem, we use a few strategies: # 1. If the source is not valid UTF-8, we raise an exception # when the template is compiled to alert the user # to the problem. # 2. The user can specify the encoding using Ruby-style # encoding comments in any template engine. If such # a comment is supplied, Rails will apply that encoding # to the resulting compiled source returned by the # template handler. # 3. In all cases, we transcode the resulting String to # the UTF-8. # # This means that other parts of Rails can always assume # that templates are encoded in UTF-8, even if the original # source of the template was not UTF-8. # # From a user's perspective, the easiest thing to do is # to save your templates as UTF-8. If you do this, you # do not need to do anything else for things to "just work". # # === Instructions for template handlers # # The easiest thing for you to do is to simply ignore # encodings. Rails will hand you the template source # as the default_internal (generally UTF-8), raising # an exception for the user before sending the template # to you if it could not determine the original encoding. # # For the greatest simplicity, you can support only # UTF-8 as the default_internal. This means # that from the perspective of your handler, the # entire pipeline is just UTF-8. # # === Advanced: Handlers with alternate metadata sources # # If you want to provide an alternate mechanism for # specifying encodings (like ERB does via <%# encoding: ... %>), # you may indicate that you will handle encodings yourself # by implementing self.handles_encoding? # on your handler. # # If you do, Rails will not try to encode the String # into the default_internal, passing you the unaltered # bytes tagged with the assumed encoding (from # default_external). # # In this case, make sure you return a String from # your handler encoded in the default_internal. Since # you are handling out-of-band metadata, you are # also responsible for alerting the user to any # problems with converting the user's data to # the default_internal. # # To do so, simply raise the raise WrongEncodingError # as follows: # # raise WrongEncodingError.new( # problematic_string, # expected_encoding # ) eager_autoload do autoload :Error autoload :Handler autoload :Handlers autoload :Text end extend Template::Handlers attr_reader :source, :identifier, :handler, :virtual_path, :formats, :original_encoding Finalizer = proc do |method_name, mod| proc do mod.module_eval do remove_possible_method method_name end end end def initialize(source, identifier, handler, details) @source = source @identifier = identifier @handler = handler @original_encoding = nil @virtual_path = details[:virtual_path] @method_names = {} format = details[:format] || :html @formats = Array.wrap(format).map(&:to_sym) end def render(view, locals, &block) # Notice that we use a bang in this instrumentation because you don't want to # consume this in production. This is only slow if it's being listened to. ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("!render_template.action_view", :virtual_path => @virtual_path) do if view.is_a?(ActionView::CompiledTemplates) mod = ActionView::CompiledTemplates else mod = view.singleton_class end method_name = compile(locals, view, mod) view.send(method_name, locals, &block) end rescue Exception => e if e.is_a?(Template::Error) e.sub_template_of(self) raise e else raise Template::Error.new(self, view.respond_to?(:assigns) ? view.assigns : {}, e) end end def mime_type @mime_type ||= Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(@formats.first.to_s) if @formats.first end def variable_name @variable_name ||= @virtual_path[%r'_?(\w+)(\.\w+)*$', 1].to_sym end def counter_name @counter_name ||= "#{variable_name}_counter".to_sym end def inspect @inspect ||= if defined?(Rails.root) identifier.sub("#{Rails.root}/", '') else identifier end end private # Among other things, this method is responsible for properly setting # the encoding of the source. Until this point, we assume that the # source is BINARY data. If no additional information is supplied, # we assume the encoding is the same as Encoding.default_external. # # The user can also specify the encoding via a comment on the first # line of the template (# encoding: NAME-OF-ENCODING). This will work # with any template engine, as we process out the encoding comment # before passing the source on to the template engine, leaving a # blank line in its stead. # # If the template engine handles encodings, we send the encoded # String to the engine without further processing. This allows # the template engine to support additional mechanisms for # specifying the encoding. For instance, ERB supports <%# encoding: %> # # Otherwise, after we figure out the correct encoding, we then # encode the source into Encoding.default_internal. In general, # this means that templates will be UTF-8 inside of Rails, # regardless of the original source encoding. def compile(locals, view, mod) method_name = build_method_name(locals) return method_name if view.respond_to?(method_name) locals_code = locals.keys.map! { |key| "#{key} = local_assigns[:#{key}];" }.join if source.encoding_aware? # Look for # encoding: *. If we find one, we'll encode the # String in that encoding, otherwise, we'll use the # default external encoding. if source.sub!(/\A#{ENCODING_FLAG}/, '') encoding = magic_encoding = $1 else encoding = Encoding.default_external end # Tag the source with the default external encoding # or the encoding specified in the file source.force_encoding(encoding) # If the user didn't specify an encoding, and the handler # handles encodings, we simply pass the String as is to # the handler (with the default_external tag) if !magic_encoding && @handler.respond_to?(:handles_encoding?) && @handler.handles_encoding? source # Otherwise, if the String is valid in the encoding, # encode immediately to default_internal. This means # that if a handler doesn't handle encodings, it will # always get Strings in the default_internal elsif source.valid_encoding? source.encode! # Otherwise, since the String is invalid in the encoding # specified, raise an exception else raise WrongEncodingError.new(source, encoding) end end code = @handler.call(self) # Make sure that the resulting String to be evalled is in the # encoding of the code source = <<-end_src def #{method_name}(local_assigns) _old_virtual_path, @_virtual_path = @_virtual_path, #{@virtual_path.inspect};_old_output_buffer = @output_buffer;#{locals_code};#{code} ensure @_virtual_path, @output_buffer = _old_virtual_path, _old_output_buffer end end_src if source.encoding_aware? # Make sure the source is in the encoding of the returned code source.force_encoding(code.encoding) # In case we get back a String from a handler that is not in # BINARY or the default_internal, encode it to the default_internal source.encode! # Now, validate that the source we got back from the template # handler is valid in the default_internal. This is for handlers # that handle encoding but screw up unless source.valid_encoding? raise WrongEncodingError.new(@source, Encoding.default_internal) end end begin mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0) ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod]) method_name rescue Exception => e # errors from template code if logger = (view && view.logger) logger.debug "ERROR: compiling #{method_name} RAISED #{e}" logger.debug "Function body: #{source}" logger.debug "Backtrace: #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}" end raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(self, {}, e) end end def build_method_name(locals) @method_names[locals.keys.hash] ||= "_#{identifier_method_name}__#{@identifier.hash}_#{__id__}_#{locals.keys.hash}".gsub('-', "_") end def identifier_method_name @identifier_method_name ||= inspect.gsub(/[^a-z_]/, '_') end end end