require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access" require "active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values" require "active_support/core_ext/array/wrap" require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters" require "active_support/core_ext/object/to_query" require "active_support/rescuable" require "action_dispatch/http/upload" require "rack/test" require "stringio" require "set" require "yaml" module ActionController # Raised when a required parameter is missing. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: {}) # params.fetch(:b) # # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: b # params.require(:a) # # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: a class ParameterMissing < KeyError attr_reader :param # :nodoc: def initialize(param) # :nodoc: @param = param super("param is missing or the value is empty: #{param}") end end # Raised when a supplied parameter is not expected and # ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters # is set to :raise. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456") # params.permit(:c) # # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted parameters: :a, :b class UnpermittedParameters < IndexError attr_reader :params # :nodoc: def initialize(params) # :nodoc: @params = params super("found unpermitted parameter#{'s' if params.size > 1 }: #{params.map { |e| ":#{e}" }.join(", ")}") end end # == Action Controller \Parameters # # Allows you to choose which attributes should be whitelisted for mass updating # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed. # Provides two methods for this purpose: #require and #permit. The former is # used to mark parameters as required. The latter is used to set the parameter # as permitted and limit which attributes should be allowed for mass updating. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new({ # person: { # name: 'Francesco', # age: 22, # role: 'admin' # } # }) # # permitted = params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age) # permitted # => "Francesco", "age"=>22} permitted: true> # permitted.permitted? # => true # # Person.first.update!(permitted) # # => # # # It provides two options that controls the top-level behavior of new instances: # # * +permit_all_parameters+ - If it's +true+, all the parameters will be # permitted by default. The default is +false+. # * +action_on_unpermitted_parameters+ - Allow to control the behavior when parameters # that are not explicitly permitted are found. The values can be +false+ to just filter them # out, :log to additionally write a message on the logger, or :raise to raise # ActionController::UnpermittedParameters exception. The default value is :log # in test and development environments, +false+ otherwise. # # Examples: # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new # params.permitted? # => false # # ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new # params.permitted? # => true # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456") # params.permit(:c) # # => # # ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456") # params.permit(:c) # # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted keys: a, b # # Please note that these options *are not thread-safe*. In a multi-threaded # environment they should only be set once at boot-time and never mutated at # runtime. # # You can fetch values of ActionController::Parameters using either # :key or "key". # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(key: 'value') # params[:key] # => "value" # params["key"] # => "value" class Parameters cattr_accessor :permit_all_parameters, instance_accessor: false self.permit_all_parameters = false cattr_accessor :action_on_unpermitted_parameters, instance_accessor: false delegate :keys, :key?, :has_key?, :values, :has_value?, :value?, :empty?, :include?, :as_json, to: :@parameters # By default, never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception if these # params are present. The default includes both 'controller' and 'action' # because they are added by Rails and should be of no concern. One way # to change these is to specify `always_permitted_parameters` in your # config. For instance: # # config.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format ) cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters self.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action ) # Returns a new instance of ActionController::Parameters. # Also, sets the +permitted+ attribute to the default value of # ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters. # # class Person < ActiveRecord::Base # end # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco') # params.permitted? # => false # Person.new(params) # => ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError # # ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco') # params.permitted? # => true # Person.new(params) # => # def initialize(parameters = {}) @parameters = parameters.with_indifferent_access @permitted = self.class.permit_all_parameters end # Returns true if another +Parameters+ object contains the same content and # permitted flag. def ==(other) if other.respond_to?(:permitted?) permitted? == other.permitted? && parameters == other.parameters else @parameters == other end end # Returns a safe ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess # representation of this parameter with all unpermitted keys removed. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new({ # name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi', # oddity: 'Heavy stone crab' # }) # params.to_h # => {} # # safe_params = params.permit(:name) # safe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"} def to_h if permitted? convert_parameters_to_hashes(@parameters, :to_h) else slice(*self.class.always_permitted_parameters).permit!.to_h end end # Returns an unsafe, unfiltered # ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess representation of this # parameter. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new({ # name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi', # oddity: 'Heavy stone crab' # }) # params.to_unsafe_h # # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi", "oddity" => "Heavy stone crab"} def to_unsafe_h convert_parameters_to_hashes(@parameters, :to_unsafe_h) end alias_method :to_unsafe_hash, :to_unsafe_h # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each pair in # the same way as Hash#each_pair def each_pair(&block) @parameters.each_pair do |key, value| yield key, convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value) end end alias_method :each, :each_pair # Attribute that keeps track of converted arrays, if any, to avoid double # looping in the common use case permit + mass-assignment. Defined in a # method to instantiate it only if needed. # # Testing membership still loops, but it's going to be faster than our own # loop that converts values. Also, we are not going to build a new array # object per fetch. def converted_arrays @converted_arrays ||= Set.new end # Returns +true+ if the parameter is permitted, +false+ otherwise. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new # params.permitted? # => false # params.permit! # params.permitted? # => true def permitted? @permitted end # Sets the +permitted+ attribute to +true+. This can be used to pass # mass assignment. Returns +self+. # # class Person < ActiveRecord::Base # end # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco') # params.permitted? # => false # Person.new(params) # => ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError # params.permit! # params.permitted? # => true # Person.new(params) # => # def permit! each_pair do |key, value| Array.wrap(value).each do |v| v.permit! if v.respond_to? :permit! end end @permitted = true self end # This method accepts both a single key and an array of keys. # # When passed a single key, if it exists and its associated value is # either present or the singleton +false+, returns said value: # # ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' }).require(:person) # # => "Francesco"} permitted: false> # # Otherwise raises ActionController::ParameterMissing: # # ActionController::Parameters.new.require(:person) # # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person # # ActionController::Parameters.new(person: nil).require(:person) # # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person # # ActionController::Parameters.new(person: "\t").require(:person) # # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person # # ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person) # # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person # # When given an array of keys, the method tries to require each one of them # in order. If it succeeds, an array with the respective return values is # returned: # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { ... }, profile: { ... }) # user_params, profile_params = params.require([:user, :profile]) # # Otherwise, the method re-raises the first exception found: # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: {}, profile: {}) # user_params, profile_params = params.require([:user, :profile]) # # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: user # # Technically this method can be used to fetch terminal values: # # # CAREFUL # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Finn' }) # name = params.require(:person).require(:name) # CAREFUL # # but take into account that at some point those ones have to be permitted: # # def person_params # params.require(:person).permit(:name).tap do |person_params| # person_params.require(:name) # SAFER # end # end # # for example. def require(key) return key.map { |k| require(k) } if key.is_a?(Array) value = self[key] if value.present? || value == false value else raise ParameterMissing.new(key) end end # Alias of #require. alias :required :require # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters instance that # includes only the given +filters+ and sets the +permitted+ attribute # for the object to +true+. This is useful for limiting which attributes # should be allowed for mass updating. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { name: 'Francesco', age: 22, role: 'admin' }) # permitted = params.require(:user).permit(:name, :age) # permitted.permitted? # => true # permitted.has_key?(:name) # => true # permitted.has_key?(:age) # => true # permitted.has_key?(:role) # => false # # Only permitted scalars pass the filter. For example, given # # params.permit(:name) # # +:name+ passes if it is a key of +params+ whose associated value is of type # +String+, +Symbol+, +NilClass+, +Numeric+, +TrueClass+, +FalseClass+, # +Date+, +Time+, +DateTime+, +StringIO+, +IO+, # +ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile+ or +Rack::Test::UploadedFile+. # Otherwise, the key +:name+ is filtered out. # # You may declare that the parameter should be an array of permitted scalars # by mapping it to an empty array: # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(tags: ['rails', 'parameters']) # params.permit(tags: []) # # Sometimes it is not possible or convenient to declare the valid keys of # a hash parameter or its internal structure. Just map to an empty hash: # # params.permit(preferences: {}) # # but be careful because this opens the door to arbitrary input. In this # case, +permit+ ensures values in the returned structure are permitted # scalars and filters out anything else. # # You can also use +permit+ on nested parameters, like: # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new({ # person: { # name: 'Francesco', # age: 22, # pets: [{ # name: 'Purplish', # category: 'dogs' # }] # } # }) # # permitted = params.permit(person: [ :name, { pets: :name } ]) # permitted.permitted? # => true # permitted[:person][:name] # => "Francesco" # permitted[:person][:age] # => nil # permitted[:person][:pets][0][:name] # => "Purplish" # permitted[:person][:pets][0][:category] # => nil # # Note that if you use +permit+ in a key that points to a hash, # it won't allow all the hash. You also need to specify which # attributes inside the hash should be whitelisted. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new({ # person: { # contact: { # email: 'none@test.com', # phone: '555-1234' # } # } # }) # # params.require(:person).permit(:contact) # # => # # params.require(:person).permit(contact: :phone) # # => "555-1234"} permitted: true>} permitted: true> # # params.require(:person).permit(contact: [ :email, :phone ]) # # => "none@test.com", "phone"=>"555-1234"} permitted: true>} permitted: true> def permit(*filters) params = self.class.new filters.flatten.each do |filter| case filter when Symbol, String permitted_scalar_filter(params, filter) when Hash hash_filter(params, filter) end end unpermitted_parameters!(params) if self.class.action_on_unpermitted_parameters params.permitted = true params end # Returns a parameter for the given +key+. If not found, # returns +nil+. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' }) # params[:person] # => "Francesco"} permitted: false> # params[:none] # => nil def [](key) convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, @parameters[key]) end # Assigns a value to a given +key+. The given key may still get filtered out # when +permit+ is called. def []=(key, value) @parameters[key] = value end # Returns a parameter for the given +key+. If the +key+ # can't be found, there are several options: With no other arguments, # it will raise an ActionController::ParameterMissing error; # if more arguments are given, then that will be returned; if a block # is given, then that will be run and its result returned. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' }) # params.fetch(:person) # => "Francesco"} permitted: false> # params.fetch(:none) # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: none # params.fetch(:none, 'Francesco') # => "Francesco" # params.fetch(:none) { 'Francesco' } # => "Francesco" def fetch(key, *args) convert_value_to_parameters( @parameters.fetch(key) { if block_given? yield else args.fetch(0) { raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key) } end } ) end if Hash.method_defined?(:dig) # Extracts the nested parameter from the given +keys+ by calling +dig+ # at each step. Returns +nil+ if any intermediate step is +nil+. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: { bar: { baz: 1 } }) # params.dig(:foo, :bar, :baz) # => 1 # params.dig(:foo, :zot, :xyz) # => nil # # params2 = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [10, 11, 12]) # params2.dig(:foo, 1) # => 11 def dig(*keys) convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.dig(*keys)) end end # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters instance that # includes only the given +keys+. If the given +keys+ # don't exist, returns an empty hash. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) # params.slice(:a, :b) # => 1, "b"=>2} permitted: false> # params.slice(:d) # => def slice(*keys) new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.slice(*keys)) end # Returns current ActionController::Parameters instance which # contains only the given +keys+. def slice!(*keys) @parameters.slice!(*keys) self end # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters instance that # filters out the given +keys+. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) # params.except(:a, :b) # => 3} permitted: false> # params.except(:d) # => 1, "b"=>2, "c"=>3} permitted: false> def except(*keys) new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.except(*keys)) end # Removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) # params.extract!(:a, :b) # => 1, "b"=>2} permitted: false> # params # => 3} permitted: false> def extract!(*keys) new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.extract!(*keys)) end # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters with the results of # running +block+ once for every value. The keys are unchanged. # # params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) # params.transform_values { |x| x * 2 } # # => 2, "b"=>4, "c"=>6} permitted: false> def transform_values(&block) if block new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status( @parameters.transform_values(&block) ) else @parameters.transform_values end end # Performs values transformation and returns the altered # ActionController::Parameters instance. def transform_values!(&block) @parameters.transform_values!(&block) self end # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters instance with the # results of running +block+ once for every key. The values are unchanged. def transform_keys(&block) if block new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status( @parameters.transform_keys(&block) ) else @parameters.transform_keys end end # Performs keys transformation and returns the altered # ActionController::Parameters instance. def transform_keys!(&block) @parameters.transform_keys!(&block) self end # Deletes and returns a key-value pair from +Parameters+ whose key is equal # to key. If the key is not found, returns the default value. If the # optional code block is given and the key is not found, pass in the key # and return the result of block. def delete(key) convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.delete(key)) end # Returns a new instance of ActionController::Parameters with only # items that the block evaluates to true. def select(&block) new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.select(&block)) end # Equivalent to Hash#keep_if, but returns +nil+ if no changes were made. def select!(&block) @parameters.select!(&block) self end alias_method :keep_if, :select! # Returns a new instance of ActionController::Parameters with items # that the block evaluates to true removed. def reject(&block) new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.reject(&block)) end # Removes items that the block evaluates to true and returns self. def reject!(&block) @parameters.reject!(&block) self end alias_method :delete_if, :reject! # Returns values that were assigned to the given +keys+. Note that all the # +Hash+ objects will be converted to ActionController::Parameters. def values_at(*keys) convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.values_at(*keys)) end # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters with all keys from # +other_hash+ merges into current hash. def merge(other_hash) new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status( @parameters.merge(other_hash.to_h) ) end # Returns current ActionController::Parameters instance which # +other_hash+ merges into current hash. def merge!(other_hash) @parameters.merge!(other_hash.to_h) self end # This is required by ActiveModel attribute assignment, so that user can # pass +Parameters+ to a mass assignment methods in a model. It should not # matter as we are using +HashWithIndifferentAccess+ internally. def stringify_keys # :nodoc: dup end def inspect "<#{self.class} #{@parameters} permitted: #{@permitted}>" end def self.hook_into_yaml_loading # :nodoc: # Wire up YAML format compatibility with Rails 4.2 and Psych 2.0.8 and 2.0.9+. # Makes the YAML parser call `init_with` when it encounters the keys below # instead of trying its own parsing routines. YAML.load_tags["!ruby/hash-with-ivars:ActionController::Parameters"] = name YAML.load_tags["!ruby/hash:ActionController::Parameters"] = name end hook_into_yaml_loading def init_with(coder) # :nodoc: case coder.tag when "!ruby/hash:ActionController::Parameters" # YAML 2.0.8's format where hash instance variables weren't stored. @parameters = coder.map.with_indifferent_access @permitted = false when "!ruby/hash-with-ivars:ActionController::Parameters" # YAML 2.0.9's Hash subclass format where keys and values # were stored under an elements hash and `permitted` within an ivars hash. @parameters = coder.map["elements"].with_indifferent_access @permitted = coder.map["ivars"][:@permitted] when "!ruby/object:ActionController::Parameters" # YAML's Object format. Only needed because of the format # backwardscompability above, otherwise equivalent to YAML's initialization. @parameters, @permitted = coder.map["parameters"], coder.map["permitted"] end end undef_method :to_param # Returns duplicate of object including all parameters def deep_dup self.class.new(@parameters.deep_dup).tap do |duplicate| duplicate.permitted = @permitted end end protected attr_reader :parameters def permitted=(new_permitted) @permitted = new_permitted end def fields_for_style? @parameters.all? { |k, v| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && (v.is_a?(Hash) || v.is_a?(Parameters)) } end private def new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(hash) self.class.new(hash).tap do |new_instance| new_instance.permitted = @permitted end end def convert_parameters_to_hashes(value, using) case value when Array value.map { |v| convert_parameters_to_hashes(v, using) } when Hash value.transform_values do |v| convert_parameters_to_hashes(v, using) end.with_indifferent_access when Parameters value.send(using) else value end end def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value) converted = convert_value_to_parameters(value) @parameters[key] = converted unless converted.equal?(value) converted end def convert_value_to_parameters(value) case value when Array return value if converted_arrays.member?(value) converted = value.map { |_| convert_value_to_parameters(_) } converted_arrays << converted converted when Hash self.class.new(value) else value end end def each_element(object) case object when Array object.grep(Parameters).map { |el| yield el }.compact when Parameters if object.fields_for_style? hash = object.class.new object.each { |k, v| hash[k] = yield v } hash else yield object end end end def unpermitted_parameters!(params) unpermitted_keys = unpermitted_keys(params) if unpermitted_keys.any? case self.class.action_on_unpermitted_parameters when :log name = "unpermitted_parameters.action_controller" ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name, keys: unpermitted_keys) when :raise raise ActionController::UnpermittedParameters.new(unpermitted_keys) end end end def unpermitted_keys(params) keys - params.keys - always_permitted_parameters end # # --- Filtering ---------------------------------------------------------- # # This is a white list of permitted scalar types that includes the ones # supported in XML and JSON requests. # # This list is in particular used to filter ordinary requests, String goes # as first element to quickly short-circuit the common case. # # If you modify this collection please update the API of +permit+ above. PERMITTED_SCALAR_TYPES = [ String, Symbol, NilClass, Numeric, TrueClass, FalseClass, Date, Time, # DateTimes are Dates, we document the type but avoid the redundant check. StringIO, IO, ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile, Rack::Test::UploadedFile, ] def permitted_scalar?(value) PERMITTED_SCALAR_TYPES.any? { |type| value.is_a?(type) } end def permitted_scalar_filter(params, key) if has_key?(key) && permitted_scalar?(self[key]) params[key] = self[key] end keys.grep(/\A#{Regexp.escape(key)}\(\d+[if]?\)\z/) do |k| if permitted_scalar?(self[k]) params[k] = self[k] end end end def array_of_permitted_scalars?(value) if value.is_a?(Array) && value.all? { |element| permitted_scalar?(element) } yield value end end def non_scalar?(value) value.is_a?(Array) || value.is_a?(Parameters) end EMPTY_ARRAY = [] EMPTY_HASH = {} def hash_filter(params, filter) filter = filter.with_indifferent_access # Slicing filters out non-declared keys. slice(*filter.keys).each do |key, value| next unless value next unless has_key? key if filter[key] == EMPTY_ARRAY # Declaration { comment_ids: [] }. array_of_permitted_scalars?(self[key]) do |val| params[key] = val end elsif filter[key] == EMPTY_HASH # Declaration { preferences: {} }. if value.is_a?(Parameters) params[key] = permit_any_in_parameters(value) end elsif non_scalar?(value) # Declaration { user: :name } or { user: [:name, :age, { address: ... }] }. params[key] = each_element(value) do |element| element.permit(*Array.wrap(filter[key])) end end end end def permit_any_in_parameters(params) self.class.new.tap do |sanitized| params.each do |key, value| case value when ->(v) { permitted_scalar?(v) } sanitized[key] = value when Array sanitized[key] = permit_any_in_array(value) when Parameters sanitized[key] = permit_any_in_parameters(value) else # Filter this one out. end end sanitized.permitted = true end end def permit_any_in_array(array) [].tap do |sanitized| array.each do |element| case element when ->(e) { permitted_scalar?(e) } sanitized << element when Parameters sanitized << permit_any_in_parameters(element) else # Filter this one out. end end end end def initialize_copy(source) super @parameters = @parameters.dup end end # == Strong \Parameters # # It provides an interface for protecting attributes from end-user # assignment. This makes Action Controller parameters forbidden # to be used in Active Model mass assignment until they have been # whitelisted. # # In addition, parameters can be marked as required and flow through a # predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request with no # effort. # # class PeopleController < ActionController::Base # # Using "Person.create(params[:person])" would raise an # # ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError exception because it'd # # be using mass assignment without an explicit permit step. # # This is the recommended form: # def create # Person.create(person_params) # end # # # This will pass with flying colors as long as there's a person key in the # # parameters, otherwise it'll raise an ActionController::MissingParameter # # exception, which will get caught by ActionController::Base and turned # # into a 400 Bad Request reply. # def update # redirect_to current_account.people.find(params[:id]).tap { |person| # person.update!(person_params) # } # end # # private # # Using a private method to encapsulate the permissible parameters is # # just a good pattern since you'll be able to reuse the same permit # # list between create and update. Also, you can specialize this method # # with per-user checking of permissible attributes. # def person_params # params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age) # end # end # # In order to use accepts_nested_attributes_for with Strong \Parameters, you # will need to specify which nested attributes should be whitelisted. You might want # to allow +:id+ and +:_destroy+, see ActiveRecord::NestedAttributes for more information. # # class Person # has_many :pets # accepts_nested_attributes_for :pets # end # # class PeopleController < ActionController::Base # def create # Person.create(person_params) # end # # ... # # private # # def person_params # # It's mandatory to specify the nested attributes that should be whitelisted. # # If you use `permit` with just the key that points to the nested attributes hash, # # it will return an empty hash. # params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age, pets_attributes: [ :id, :name, :category ]) # end # end # # See ActionController::Parameters.require and ActionController::Parameters.permit # for more information. module StrongParameters extend ActiveSupport::Concern include ActiveSupport::Rescuable # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters object that # has been instantiated with the request.parameters. def params @_params ||= Parameters.new(request.parameters) end # Assigns the given +value+ to the +params+ hash. If +value+ # is a Hash, this will create an ActionController::Parameters # object that has been instantiated with the given +value+ hash. def params=(value) @_params = value.is_a?(Hash) ? Parameters.new(value) : value end end end