require 'action_controller/request' require 'action_controller/response' require 'action_controller/routing' require 'action_controller/code_generation' require 'action_controller/url_rewriter' require 'drb' module ActionController #:nodoc: class ActionControllerError < StandardError #:nodoc: end class SessionRestoreError < ActionControllerError #:nodoc: end class MissingTemplate < ActionControllerError #:nodoc: end class RoutingError < ActionControllerError #:nodoc: attr_reader :failures def initialize(message, failures=[]) super(message) @failures = failures end end class UnknownController < ActionControllerError #:nodoc: end class UnknownAction < ActionControllerError #:nodoc: end class MissingFile < ActionControllerError #:nodoc: end class DoubleRenderError < ActionControllerError #:nodoc: end # Action Controllers are made up of one or more actions that performs its purpose and then either renders a template or # redirects to another action. An action is defined as a public method on the controller, which will automatically be # made accessible to the web-server through a mod_rewrite mapping. A sample controller could look like this: # # class GuestBookController < ActionController::Base # def index # @entries = Entry.find_all # end # # def sign # Entry.create(@params["entry"]) # redirect_to :action => "index" # end # end # # GuestBookController.template_root = "templates/" # GuestBookController.process_cgi # # All actions assume that you want to render a template matching the name of the action at the end of the performance # unless you tell it otherwise. The index action complies with this assumption, so after populating the @entries instance # variable, the GuestBookController will render "templates/guestbook/index.rhtml". # # Unlike index, the sign action isn't interested in rendering a template. So after performing its main purpose (creating a # new entry in the guest book), it sheds the rendering assumption and initiates a redirect instead. This redirect works by # returning an external "302 Moved" HTTP response that takes the user to the index action. # # The index and sign represent the two basic action archetypes used in Action Controllers. Get-and-show and do-and-redirect. # Most actions are variations of these themes. # # Also note that it's the final call to process_cgi that actually initiates the action performance. It will extract # request and response objects from the CGI # # == Requests # # Requests are processed by the Action Controller framework by extracting the value of the "action" key in the request parameters. # This value should hold the name of the action to be performed. Once the action has been identified, the remaining # request parameters, the session (if one is available), and the full request with all the http headers are made available to # the action through instance variables. Then the action is performed. # # The full request object is available in @request and is primarily used to query for http headers. These queries are made by # accessing the environment hash, like this: # # def hello_ip # location = @request.env["REMOTE_IP"] # render_text "Hello stranger from #{location}" # end # # == Parameters # # All request parameters whether they come from a GET or POST request, or from the URL, are available through the @params hash. # So an action that was performed through /weblog/list?category=All&limit=5 will include { "category" => "All", "limit" => 5 } # in @params. # # It's also possible to construct multi-dimensional parameter hashes by specifying keys using brackets, such as: # # # # # A request stemming from a form holding these inputs will include { "post" => { "name" => "david", "address" => "hyacintvej" } }. # If the address input had been named "post[address][street]", the @params would have included # { "post" => { "address" => { "street" => "hyacintvej" } } }. There's no limit to the depth of the nesting. # # == Sessions # # Sessions allows you to store objects in memory between requests. This is useful for objects that are not yet ready to be persisted, # such as a Signup object constructed in a multi-paged process, or objects that don't change much and are needed all the time, such # as a User object for a system that requires login. The session should not be used, however, as a cache for objects where it's likely # they could be changed unknowingly. It's usually too much work to keep it all synchronized -- something databases already excel at. # # You can place objects in the session by using the @session hash: # # @session[:person] = Person.authenticate(user_name, password) # # And retrieved again through the same hash: # # Hello #{@session[:person]} # # Any object can be placed in the session (as long as it can be Marshalled). But remember that 1000 active sessions each storing a # 50kb object could lead to a 50MB memory overhead. In other words, think carefully about size and caching before resorting to the use # of the session. # # If you store a model in the session, you must also include a line like: # # model :person # # For that particular controller. In Rails, you can also just add it in your app/controller/application.rb file (so the model is available # for all controllers). This lets Action Pack know to have the model definition loaded before retrieving the object from the session. # # For removing objects from the session, you can either assign a single key to nil, like @session[:person] = nil, or you can # remove the entire session with reset_session. # # == Responses # # Each action results in a response, which holds the headers and document to be sent to the user's browser. The actual response # object is generated automatically through the use of renders and redirects, so it's normally nothing you'll need to be concerned about. # # == Renders # # Action Controller sends content to the user by using one of five rendering methods. The most versatile and common is the rendering # of a template. Included in the Action Pack is the Action View, which enables rendering of ERb templates. It's automatically configured. # The controller passes objects to the view by assigning instance variables: # # def show # @post = Post.find(@params["id"]) # end # # Which are then automatically available to the view: # # Title: <%= @post.title %> # # You don't have to rely on the automated rendering. Especially actions that could result in the rendering of different templates will use # the manual rendering methods: # # def search # @results = Search.find(@params["query"]) # case @results # when 0 then render "weblog/no_results" # when 1 then render_action "show" # when 2..10 then render_action "show_many" # end # end # # Read more about writing ERb and Builder templates in link:classes/ActionView/Base.html. # # == Redirects # # Redirecting is what actions that update the model do when they're done. The save_post method shouldn't be responsible for also # showing the post once it's saved -- that's the job for show_post. So once save_post has completed its business, it'll # redirect to show_post. All redirects are external, which means that when the user refreshes his browser, it's not going to save # the post again, but rather just show it one more time. # # This sounds fairly simple, but the redirection is complicated by the quest for a phenomenon known as "pretty urls". Instead of accepting # the dreadful beings that is "weblog_controller?action=show&post_id=5", Action Controller goes out of its way to represent the former as # "/weblog/show/5". And this is even the simple case. As an example of a more advanced pretty url consider # "/library/books/ISBN/0743536703/show", which can be mapped to books_controller?action=show&type=ISBN&id=0743536703. # # Redirects work by rewriting the URL of the current action. So if the show action was called by "/library/books/ISBN/0743536703/show", # we can redirect to an edit action simply by doing redirect_to(:action => "edit"), which could throw the user to # "/library/books/ISBN/0743536703/edit". Naturally, you'll need to setup the routes configuration file to point to the proper controller # and action in the first place, but once you have, it can be rewritten with ease. # # Let's consider a bunch of examples on how to go from "/clients/37signals/basecamp/project/dash" to somewhere else: # # redirect_to(:action => "edit") => # /clients/37signals/basecamp/project/dash # # redirect_to(:client_name => "nextangle", :project_name => "rails") => # /clients/nextangle/rails/project/dash # # Those redirects happen under the configuration of: # # map.connect 'clients/:client_name/:project_name/:controller/:action' # # == Calling multiple redirects or renders # # The rule for handling calls of multiple redirects and renders is that the first call wins. So in the following example: # # def do_something # redirect_to :action => "elsewhere" # render_action "overthere" # end # # Only the redirect happens. The rendering call is simply ignored. # # == Environments # # Action Controller works out of the box with CGI, FastCGI, and mod_ruby. CGI and mod_ruby controllers are triggered just the same using: # # WeblogController.process_cgi # # FastCGI controllers are triggered using: # # FCGI.each_cgi{ |cgi| WeblogController.process_cgi(cgi) } class Base include ClassInheritableAttributes DEFAULT_RENDER_STATUS_CODE = "200 OK" # Determines whether the view has access to controller internals @request, @response, @session, and @template. # By default, it does. @@view_controller_internals = true cattr_accessor :view_controller_internals # Prepends all the URL-generating helpers from AssetHelper. This makes it possible to easily move javascripts, stylesheets, # and images to a dedicated asset server away from the main web server. Example: # ActionController::Base.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com" @@asset_host = "" cattr_accessor :asset_host # All requests are considered local by default, so everyone will be exposed to detailed debugging screens on errors. # When the application is ready to go public, this should be set to false, and the protected method local_request? # should instead be implemented in the controller to determine when debugging screens should be shown. @@consider_all_requests_local = true cattr_accessor :consider_all_requests_local # Enable or disable the collection of failure information for RoutingErrors. # This information can be extremely useful when tweaking custom routes, but is # pointless once routes have been tested and verified. @@debug_routes = true cattr_accessor :debug_routes # Controls whether the application is thread-safe, so multi-threaded servers like WEBrick knows whether to apply a mutex # around the performance of each action. Action Pack and Active Record are by default thread-safe, but many applications # may not be. Turned off by default. @@allow_concurrency = false cattr_accessor :allow_concurrency # Template root determines the base from which template references will be made. So a call to render("test/template") # will be converted to "#{template_root}/test/template.rhtml". class_inheritable_accessor :template_root # The logger is used for generating information on the action run-time (including benchmarking) if available. # Can be set to nil for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own Logger and Log4r loggers. cattr_accessor :logger # Determines which template class should be used by ActionController. cattr_accessor :template_class # Turn on +ignore_missing_templates+ if you want to unit test actions without making the associated templates. cattr_accessor :ignore_missing_templates # Holds the request object that's primarily used to get environment variables through access like # request.env["REQUEST_URI"]. attr_accessor :request # Holds a hash of all the GET, POST, and Url parameters passed to the action. Accessed like @params["post_id"] # to get the post_id. No type casts are made, so all values are returned as strings. attr_accessor :params # Holds the response object that's primarily used to set additional HTTP headers through access like # response.headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache". Can also be used to access the final body HTML after a template # has been rendered through response.body -- useful for after_filters that wants to manipulate the output, # such as a OutputCompressionFilter. attr_accessor :response # Holds a hash of objects in the session. Accessed like session[:person] to get the object tied to the "person" # key. The session will hold any type of object as values, but the key should be a string. attr_accessor :session # Holds a hash of header names and values. Accessed like headers["Cache-Control"] to get the value of the Cache-Control # directive. Values should always be specified as strings. attr_accessor :headers # Holds the hash of variables that are passed on to the template class to be made available to the view. This hash # is generated by taking a snapshot of all the instance variables in the current scope just before a template is rendered. attr_accessor :assigns class << self # Factory for the standard create, process loop where the controller is discarded after processing. def process(request, response) #:nodoc: new.process(request, response) end # Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "NeatController". def controller_class_name Inflector.demodulize(name) end # Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "neat". def controller_name Inflector.underscore(controller_class_name.sub(/Controller/, "")) end # Convert the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "one_module/two_module/neat". def controller_path components = self.name.to_s.split('::').collect { |name| name.underscore } components[-1] = $1 if /^(.*)_controller$/ =~ components[-1] components.shift if components.first == 'controllers' # Transitional conditional to accomodate root Controllers module components.join('/') end # Return an array containing the names of public methods that have been marked hidden from the action processor. # By default, all methods defined in ActionController::Base and included modules are hidden. # More methods can be hidden using +hide_actions+. def hidden_actions write_inheritable_attribute(:hidden_actions, ActionController::Base.public_instance_methods) unless read_inheritable_attribute(:hidden_actions) read_inheritable_attribute(:hidden_actions) end # Hide each of the given methods from being callable as actions. def hide_action(*names) write_inheritable_attribute(:hidden_actions, hidden_actions | names.collect {|n| n.to_s}) end # Set the template root to be one directory behind the root dir of the controller. Examples: # /code/weblog/components/admin/users_controller.rb with Admin::UsersController # will use /code/weblog/components as template root # and find templates in /code/weblog/components/admin/users/ # # /code/weblog/components/admin/parties/users_controller.rb with Admin::Parties::UsersController # will also use /code/weblog/components as template root # and find templates in /code/weblog/components/admin/parties/users/ def uses_component_template_root path_of_calling_controller = File.dirname(caller[0].split(/:\d+:/).first) path_of_controller_root = path_of_calling_controller.sub(/#{controller_path.split("/")[0..-2]}$/, "") self.template_root = path_of_controller_root end # Temporary method for enabling upload progress until it's ready to leave experimental mode def enable_upload_progress # :nodoc: require 'action_controller/upload_progress' include ActionController::UploadProgress end end public # Extracts the action_name from the request parameters and performs that action. def process(request, response, method = :perform_action, *arguments) #:nodoc: initialize_template_class(response) assign_shortcuts(request, response) initialize_current_url log_processing unless logger.nil? send(method, *arguments) close_session return @response end # Returns a URL that has been rewritten according to the options hash and the defined Routes. # (For doing a complete redirect, use redirect_to). #   # url_for is used to: #   # All keys given to url_for are forwarded to the Route module save for the following: # * :anchor -- specifies the anchor name to be appended to the path. For example, # url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => 10, :anchor => 'comments' # will produce "/posts/show/10#comments". # * :only_path -- if true, returns the absolute URL (omitting the protocol, host name, and port) # * :trailing_slash -- if true, adds a trailing slash, as in "/archive/2005/". Note that this # is currently not recommended since it breaks caching. # * :host -- overrides the default (current) host if provided # * :protocol -- overrides the default (current) protocol if provided # # The URL is generated from the remaining keys in the hash. A URL contains two key parts: the and a query string. # Routes composes a query string as the key/value pairs not included in the . # # The default Routes setup supports a typical Rails path of "controller/action/id" where action and id are optional, with # action defaulting to 'index' when not given. Here are some typical url_for statements and their corresponding URLs: #   # url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => 'recent' # => 'proto://host.com/posts/recent' # url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index' # => 'proto://host.com/posts' # url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => 10 # => 'proto://host.com/posts/show/10' # # When generating a new URL, missing values may be filled in from the current request's parameters. For example, # url_for :action => 'some_action' will retain the current controller, as expected. This behavior extends to # other parameters, including :controller, :id, and any other parameters that are placed into a Route's # path. #   # The URL helpers such as url_for have a limited form of memory: when generating a new URL, they can look for # missing values in the current request's parameters. Routes attempts to guess when a value should and should not be # taken from the defaults. There are a few simple rules on how this is performed: # # * If the controller name begins with a slash, no defaults are used: url_for :controller => '/home' # * If the controller changes, the action will default to index unless provided # # The final rule is applied while the URL is being generated and is best illustrated by an example. Let us consider the # route given by map.connect 'people/:last/:first/:action', :action => 'bio', :controller => 'people'. # # Suppose that the current URL is "people/hh/david/contacts". Let's consider a few different cases URLs which are generated # from this page. # # * url_for :action => 'bio' -- During the generation of this URL, default values will be used for the first and # last components, and the action shall change. The generated URL will be, "people/hh/david/bio". # * url_for :first => 'davids-little-brother' This generates the URL 'people/hh/davids-little-brother' -- note # that this URL leaves out the assumed action of 'bio'. # # However, you might ask why the action from the current request, 'contacts', isn't carried over into the new URL. The # answer has to do with the order in which the parameters appear in the generated path. In a nutshell, since the # value that appears in the slot for :first is not equal to default value for :first we stop using # defaults. On it's own, this rule can account for much of the typical Rails URL behavior. #   # Although a convienence, defaults can occasionaly get in your way. In some cases a default persists longer than desired. # The default may be cleared by adding :name => nil to url_for's options. # This is often required when writing form helpers, since the defaults in play may vary greatly depending upon where the # helper is used from. The following line will redirect to PostController's default action, regardless of the page it is # displayed on: # # url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => nil # # Instead of passing an options hash, you can also pass a method reference in the form of a symbol. Consider this example: # # class WeblogController < ActionController::Base # def update # # do some update # redirect_to :dashboard_url # end # # protected # def dashboard_url # url_for :controller => (@project.active? ? "project" : "account"), :action => "dashboard" # end # end def url_for(options = {}, *parameters_for_method_reference) #:doc: case options when String then options when Symbol then send(options, *parameters_for_method_reference) when Hash then @url.rewrite(rewrite_options(options)) end end # Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "NeatController". def controller_class_name self.class.controller_class_name end # Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "neat". def controller_name self.class.controller_name end # Returns the name of the action this controller is processing. def action_name @params["action"] || "index" end protected # Renders the template specified by template_name, which defaults to the name of the current controller and action. # So calling +render+ in WeblogController#show will attempt to render "#{template_root}/weblog/show.rhtml" or # "#{template_root}/weblog/show.rxml" (in that order). The template_root is set on the ActionController::Base class and is # shared by all controllers. It's also possible to pass a status code using the second parameter. This defaults to "200 OK", # but can be changed, such as by calling render("weblog/error", "500 Error"). # A unified replacement for the individual renders (work-in-progress). def render(options = {}, deprecated_status = nil) # puts "Rendering: #{options.inspect}" raise DoubleRenderError, "Can only render or redirect once per action" if performed? # Backwards compatibility return render({ :template => options || default_template_name, :status => deprecated_status }) if !options.is_a?(Hash) add_variables_to_assigns options[:status] = (options[:status] || DEFAULT_RENDER_STATUS_CODE).to_s if options[:text] @response.headers["Status"] = options[:status] @response.body = options[:text] @performed_render = true return options[:text] elsif options[:file] assert_existance_of_template_file(options[:file]) if options[:use_full_path] logger.info("Rendering #{options[:file]} (#{options[:status]})") unless logger.nil? render(options.merge({ :text => @template.render_file(options[:file], options[:use_full_path])})) elsif options[:template] render(options.merge({ :file => options[:template], :use_full_path => true })) elsif options[:inline] render(options.merge({ :text => @template.render_template( options[:type] || :rhtml, options[:inline], options[:locals] || {} ) })) elsif options[:action] render(options.merge({ :template => default_template_name(options[:action]) })) elsif options[:partial] && options[:collection] render(options.merge({ :text => ( @template.render_partial_collection( options[:partial] == true ? default_template_name : options[:partial], options[:collection], options[:spacer_template], options[:locals] || {} ) || '' ) })) elsif options[:partial] render(options.merge({ :text => @template.render_partial( options[:partial] == true ? default_template_name : options[:partial], options[:object], options[:locals] || {} ) })) elsif options[:nothing] render(options.merge({ :text => "" })) else render(options.merge({ :action => action_name })) end end # Returns the result of the render as a string. def render_to_string(options = {}) #:doc: result = render(options) erase_render_results return result end # Clears the rendered results, allowing for another render to be performed. def erase_render_results #:nodoc: @response.body = nil @performed_render = false end # Clears the redirected results from the headers, resetting the status to 200 and returns # the URL that was used to redirect or nil if there was no redirected URL # Note that +redirect_to+ will change the body of the response to indicate a redirection. # The response body is not reset here, see +erase_render_results+ def erase_redirect_results #:nodoc: @performed_redirect = false response.redirected_to = nil response.redirected_to_method_params = nil response.headers['Status'] = DEFAULT_RENDER_STATUS_CODE response.headers.delete('location') end def rewrite_options(options) if defaults = default_url_options(options) defaults.merge(options) else options end end # Overwrite to implement a number of default options that all url_for-based methods will use. The default options should come in # the form of a hash, just like the one you would use for url_for directly. Example: # # def default_url_options(options) # { :project => @project.active? ? @project.url_name : "unknown" } # end # # As you can infer from the example, this is mostly useful for situations where you want to centralize dynamic decisions about the # urls as they stem from the business domain. Please note that any individual url_for call can always override the defaults set # by this method. def default_url_options(options) #:doc: end # Redirects the browser to the target specified in +options+. This parameter can take one of three forms: # # * Hash: The URL will be generated by calling url_for with the +options+. # * String starting with protocol:// (like http://): Is passed straight through as the target for redirection. # * String not containing a protocol: The current current protocol and host is prepended to the string. # # Examples: # redirect_to :action => "show", :id => 5 # redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org" # redirect_to "/images/screenshot.jpg" # # The redirection happens as a "302 Moved" header. def redirect_to(options = {}, *parameters_for_method_reference) #:doc: case options when %r{^\w+://.*} raise DoubleRenderError, "Can only render or redirect once per action" if performed? logger.info("Redirected to #{options}") unless logger.nil? response.redirect(options) response.redirected_to = options @performed_redirect = true when String redirect_to(request.protocol + request.host_with_port + options) else if parameters_for_method_reference.empty? redirect_to(url_for(options)) response.redirected_to = options else redirect_to(url_for(options, *parameters_for_method_reference)) response.redirected_to, response.redirected_to_method_params = options, parameters_for_method_reference end end end # Resets the session by clearing out all the objects stored within and initializing a new session object. def reset_session #:doc: @request.reset_session @session = @request.session @response.session = @session end private def initialize_template_class(response) begin response.template = template_class.new(template_root, {}, self) rescue raise "You must assign a template class through ActionController.template_class= before processing a request" end @performed_render = @performed_redirect = false end def assign_shortcuts(request, response) @request, @params, @cookies = request, request.parameters, request.cookies @response = response @response.session = request.session @session = @response.session @template = @response.template @assigns = @response.template.assigns @headers = @response.headers end def initialize_current_url @url = UrlRewriter.new(@request, @params.clone()) end def log_processing logger.info "\n\nProcessing #{controller_class_name}\##{action_name} (for #{request_origin})" logger.info " Parameters: #{@params.inspect}" end def perform_action if action_methods.include?(action_name) || action_methods.include?('method_missing') send(action_name) render unless performed? elsif template_exists? && template_public? render else raise UnknownAction, "No action responded to #{action_name}", caller end end def performed? @performed_render || @performed_redirect end def action_methods @action_methods ||= (self.class.public_instance_methods - self.class.hidden_actions) end def add_variables_to_assigns add_instance_variables_to_assigns add_class_variables_to_assigns if view_controller_internals end def add_instance_variables_to_assigns protected_variables_cache = protected_instance_variables instance_variables.each do |var| next if protected_variables_cache.include?(var) @assigns[var[1..-1]] = instance_variable_get(var) end end def add_class_variables_to_assigns %w( template_root logger template_class ignore_missing_templates ).each do |cvar| @assigns[cvar] = self.send(cvar) end end def protected_instance_variables if view_controller_internals [ "@assigns", "@performed_redirect", "@performed_render" ] else [ "@assigns", "@performed_redirect", "@performed_render", "@request", "@response", "@session", "@cookies", "@template" ] end end def request_origin "#{@request.remote_ip} at #{Time.now.to_s}" end def close_session @session.close unless @session.nil? || Hash === @session end def template_exists?(template_name = default_template_name) @template.file_exists?(template_name) end def template_public?(template_name = default_template_name) @template.file_public?(template_name) end def assert_existance_of_template_file(template_name) unless template_exists?(template_name) || ignore_missing_templates full_template_path = @template.send(:full_template_path, template_name, 'rhtml') template_type = (template_name =~ /layouts/i) ? 'layout' : 'template' raise(MissingTemplate, "Missing #{template_type} #{full_template_path}") end end def default_template_name(default_action_name = action_name) "#{self.class.controller_path}/#{default_action_name}" end end end