require 'mail' require 'action_mailer/collector' require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections' require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except' require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous' require 'action_mailer/log_subscriber' module ActionMailer # Action Mailer allows you to send email from your application using a mailer model and views. # # = Mailer Models # # To use Action Mailer, you need to create a mailer model. # # $ rails generate mailer Notifier # # The generated model inherits from ActionMailer::Base. A mailer model defines methods # used to generate an email message. In these methods, you can setup variables to be used in # the mailer views, options on the mail itself such as the :from address, and attachments. # # class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base # default from: 'no-reply@example.com', # return_path: 'system@example.com' # # def welcome(recipient) # @account = recipient # mail(to: recipient.email_address_with_name, # bcc: ["bcc@example.com", "Order Watcher "]) # end # end # # Within the mailer method, you have access to the following methods: # # * attachments[]= - Allows you to add attachments to your email in an intuitive # manner; attachments['filename.png'] = File.read('path/to/filename.png') # # * attachments.inline[]= - Allows you to add an inline attachment to your email # in the same manner as attachments[]= # # * headers[]= - Allows you to specify any header field in your email such # as headers['X-No-Spam'] = 'True'. Note, while most fields like To: # From: can only appear once in an email header, other fields like X-Anything # can appear multiple times. If you want to change a field that can appear multiple times, # you need to set it to nil first so that Mail knows you are replacing it and not adding # another field of the same name. # # * headers(hash) - Allows you to specify multiple headers in your email such # as headers({'X-No-Spam' => 'True', 'In-Reply-To' => '1234@message.id'}) # # * mail - Allows you to specify email to be sent. # # The hash passed to the mail method allows you to specify any header that a Mail::Message # will accept (any valid Email header including optional fields). # # The mail method, if not passed a block, will inspect your views and send all the views with # the same name as the method, so the above action would send the +welcome.text.erb+ view # file as well as the +welcome.text.html.erb+ view file in a +multipart/alternative+ email. # # If you want to explicitly render only certain templates, pass a block: # # mail(to: user.email) do |format| # format.text # format.html # end # # The block syntax is also useful in providing information specific to a part: # # mail(to: user.email) do |format| # format.text(content_transfer_encoding: "base64") # format.html # end # # Or even to render a special view: # # mail(to: user.email) do |format| # format.text # format.html { render "some_other_template" } # end # # = Mailer views # # Like Action Controller, each mailer class has a corresponding view directory in which each # method of the class looks for a template with its name. # # To define a template to be used with a mailing, create an .erb file with the same # name as the method in your mailer model. For example, in the mailer defined above, the template at # app/views/notifier/welcome.text.erb would be used to generate the email. # # Variables defined in the model are accessible as instance variables in the view. # # Emails by default are sent in plain text, so a sample view for our model example might look like this: # # Hi <%= @account.name %>, # Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often. # # You can even use Action Pack helpers in these views. For example: # # You got a new note! # <%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %> # # If you need to access the subject, from or the recipients in the view, you can do that through message object: # # You got a new note from <%= message.from %>! # <%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %> # # # = Generating URLs # # URLs can be generated in mailer views using url_for or named routes. Unlike controllers from # Action Pack, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the incoming request, so you'll need # to provide all of the details needed to generate a URL. # # When using url_for you'll need to provide the :host, :controller, and :action: # # <%= url_for(host: "example.com", controller: "welcome", action: "greeting") %> # # When using named routes you only need to supply the :host: # # <%= users_url(host: "example.com") %> # # You should use the named_route_url style (which generates absolute URLs) and avoid using the # named_route_path style (which generates relative URLs), since clients reading the mail will # have no concept of a current URL from which to determine a relative path. # # It is also possible to set a default host that will be used in all mailers by setting the :host # option as a configuration option in config/application.rb: # # config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "example.com" } # # When you decide to set a default :host for your mailers, then you need to make sure to use the # only_path: false option when using url_for. Since the url_for view helper # will generate relative URLs by default when a :host option isn't explicitly provided, passing # only_path: false will ensure that absolute URLs are generated. # # = Sending mail # # Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or create it and save it # for delivery later: # # Notifier.welcome(david).deliver # sends the email # mail = Notifier.welcome(david) # => a Mail::Message object # mail.deliver # sends the email # # You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, you just call the method you defined on the class itself. # # = Multipart Emails # # Multipart messages can also be used implicitly because Action Mailer will automatically detect and use # multipart templates, where each template is named after the name of the action, followed by the content # type. Each such detected template will be added as a separate part to the message. # # For example, if the following templates exist: # * signup_notification.text.erb # * signup_notification.html.erb # * signup_notification.xml.builder # * signup_notification.yaml.erb # # Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with the corresponding content # type. The content type for the entire message is automatically set to multipart/alternative, # which indicates that the email contains multiple different representations of the same email # body. The same instance variables defined in the action are passed to all email templates. # # Implicit template rendering is not performed if any attachments or parts have been added to the email. # This means that you'll have to manually add each part to the email and set the content type of the email # to multipart/alternative. # # = Attachments # # Sending attachment in emails is easy: # # class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base # def welcome(recipient) # attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf') # mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information") # end # end # # Which will (if it had both a welcome.text.erb and welcome.html.erb # template in the view directory), send a complete multipart/mixed email with two parts, # the first part being a multipart/alternative with the text and HTML email parts inside, # and the second being a application/pdf with a Base64 encoded copy of the file.pdf book # with the filename +free_book.pdf+. # # If you need to send attachments with no content, you need to create an empty view for it, # or add an empty body parameter like this: # # class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base # def welcome(recipient) # attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf') # mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information", body: "") # end # end # # = Inline Attachments # # You can also specify that a file should be displayed inline with other HTML. This is useful # if you want to display a corporate logo or a photo. # # class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base # def welcome(recipient) # attachments.inline['photo.png'] = File.read('path/to/photo.png') # mail(to: recipient, subject: "Here is what we look like") # end # end # # And then to reference the image in the view, you create a welcome.html.erb file and # make a call to +image_tag+ passing in the attachment you want to display and then call # +url+ on the attachment to get the relative content id path for the image source: # #

Please Don't Cringe

# # <%= image_tag attachments['photo.png'].url -%> # # As we are using Action View's +image_tag+ method, you can pass in any other options you want: # #

Please Don't Cringe

# # <%= image_tag attachments['photo.png'].url, alt: 'Our Photo', class: 'photo' -%> # # = Observing and Intercepting Mails # # Action Mailer provides hooks into the Mail observer and interceptor methods. These allow you to # register classes that are called during the mail delivery life cycle. # # An observer class must implement the :delivered_email(message) method which will be # called once for every email sent after the email has been sent. # # An interceptor class must implement the :delivering_email(message) method which will be # called before the email is sent, allowing you to make modifications to the email before it hits # the delivery agents. Your class should make any needed modifications directly to the passed # in Mail::Message instance. # # = Default Hash # # Action Mailer provides some intelligent defaults for your emails, these are usually specified in a # default method inside the class definition: # # class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base # default sender: 'system@example.com' # end # # You can pass in any header value that a Mail::Message accepts. Out of the box, # ActionMailer::Base sets the following: # # * mime_version: "1.0" # * charset: "UTF-8", # * content_type: "text/plain", # * parts_order: [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ] # # parts_order and charset are not actually valid Mail::Message header fields, # but Action Mailer translates them appropriately and sets the correct values. # # As you can pass in any header, you need to either quote the header as a string, or pass it in as # an underscored symbol, so the following will work: # # class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base # default 'Content-Transfer-Encoding' => '7bit', # content_description: 'This is a description' # end # # Finally, Action Mailer also supports passing Proc objects into the default hash, so you # can define methods that evaluate as the message is being generated: # # class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base # default 'X-Special-Header' => Proc.new { my_method } # # private # # def my_method # 'some complex call' # end # end # # Note that the proc is evaluated right at the start of the mail message generation, so if you # set something in the defaults using a proc, and then set the same thing inside of your # mailer method, it will get over written by the mailer method. # # It is also possible to set these default options that will be used in all mailers through # the default_options= configuration in config/application.rb: # # config.action_mailer.default_options = { from: "no-reply@example.org" } # # = Callbacks # # You can specify callbacks using before_action and after_action for configuring your messages. # This may be useful, for example, when you want to add default inline attachments for all # messages sent out by a certain mailer class: # # class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base # before_action :add_inline_attachment! # # def welcome # mail # end # # private # # def add_inline_attachment! # attachments.inline["footer.jpg"] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg') # end # end # # Callbacks in ActionMailer are implemented using AbstractController::Callbacks, so you # can define and configure callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in # classes that inherit from ActionController::Base. # # Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer using before_action # rather than after_action in your ActionMailer classes so that headers are parsed properly. # # = Configuration options # # These options are specified on the class level, like # ActionMailer::Base.raise_delivery_errors = true # # * default_options - You can pass this in at a class level as well as within the class itself as # per the above section. # # * logger - the logger is used for generating information on the mailing run if available. # Can be set to nil for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own Logger and Log4r loggers. # # * smtp_settings - Allows detailed configuration for :smtp delivery method: # * :address - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default # "localhost" setting. # * :port - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it. # * :domain - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here. # * :user_name - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting. # * :password - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting. # * :authentication - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the # authentication type here. # This is a symbol and one of :plain (will send the password in the clear), :login (will # send password Base64 encoded) or :cram_md5 (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange # information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information) # * :enable_starttls_auto - When set to true, detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server # and starts to use it. # * :openssl_verify_mode - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is # really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name # of an OpenSSL verify constant ('none', 'peer', 'client_once', 'fail_if_no_peer_cert') or directly the # constant (OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE, OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, ...). # # * sendmail_settings - Allows you to override options for the :sendmail delivery method. # * :location - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to /usr/sbin/sendmail. # * :arguments - The command line arguments. Defaults to -i -t with -f sender@address # added automatically before the message is sent. # # * file_settings - Allows you to override options for the :file delivery method. # * :location - The directory into which emails will be written. Defaults to the application # tmp/mails. # # * raise_delivery_errors - Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. # # * delivery_method - Defines a delivery method. Possible values are :smtp (default), # :sendmail, :test, and :file. Or you may provide a custom delivery method # object e.g. MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass. See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to # implement for a custom delivery agent. # # * perform_deliveries - Determines whether emails are actually sent from Action Mailer when you # call .deliver on an mail message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can # be turned off to aid in functional testing. # # * deliveries - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with # delivery_method :test. Most useful for unit and functional testing. class Base < AbstractController::Base include DeliveryMethods abstract! include AbstractController::Rendering include AbstractController::Logger include AbstractController::Helpers include AbstractController::Translation include AbstractController::AssetPaths include AbstractController::Callbacks helper ActionMailer::MailHelper private_class_method :new #:nodoc: class_attribute :default_params self.default_params = { mime_version: "1.0", charset: "UTF-8", content_type: "text/plain", parts_order: [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ] }.freeze def self.default_protected_instance_vars super.concat [:@_action_has_layout] end class << self # Register one or more Observers which will be notified when mail is delivered. def register_observers(*observers) observers.flatten.compact.each { |observer| register_observer(observer) } end # Register one or more Interceptors which will be called before mail is sent. def register_interceptors(*interceptors) interceptors.flatten.compact.each { |interceptor| register_interceptor(interceptor) } end # Register an Observer which will be notified when mail is delivered. # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Observer. If a string is passed in # it will be +constantize+d. def register_observer(observer) delivery_observer = (observer.is_a?(String) ? observer.constantize : observer) Mail.register_observer(delivery_observer) end # Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is sent. # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Interceptor. If a string is passed in # it will be constantized. def register_interceptor(interceptor) delivery_interceptor = (interceptor.is_a?(String) ? interceptor.constantize : interceptor) Mail.register_interceptor(delivery_interceptor) end # Returns the name of current mailer. This method is also being used as a path for a view lookup. # If this is an anonymous mailer, this method will return +anonymous+ instead. def mailer_name @mailer_name ||= anonymous? ? "anonymous" : name.underscore end # Allows to set the name of current mailer. attr_writer :mailer_name alias :controller_path :mailer_name # Sets the defaults through app configuration: # # config.action_mailer.default { from: "no-reply@example.org" } # # Aliased by ::default_options= def default(value = nil) self.default_params = default_params.merge(value).freeze if value default_params end # Allows to set defaults through app configuration: # # config.action_mailer.default_options = { from: "no-reply@example.org" } alias :default_options= :default # Receives a raw email, parses it into an email object, decodes it, # instantiates a new mailer, and passes the email object to the mailer # object's +receive+ method. # # If you want your mailer to be able to process incoming messages, you'll # need to implement a +receive+ method that accepts the raw email string # as a parameter: # # class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base # def receive(mail) # # ... # end # end def receive(raw_mail) ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("receive.action_mailer") do |payload| mail = Mail.new(raw_mail) set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail) new.receive(mail) end end # Wraps an email delivery inside of ActiveSupport::Notifications instrumentation. # # This method is actually called by the Mail::Message object itself # through a callback when you call +:deliver+ on the Mail::Message, # calling +deliver_mail+ directly and passing a Mail::Message will do # nothing except tell the logger you sent the email. def deliver_mail(mail) #:nodoc: ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("deliver.action_mailer") do |payload| set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail) yield # Let Mail do the delivery actions end end def respond_to?(method, include_private = false) #:nodoc: super || action_methods.include?(method.to_s) end protected def set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail) #:nodoc: payload[:mailer] = name payload[:message_id] = mail.message_id payload[:subject] = mail.subject payload[:to] = mail.to payload[:from] = mail.from payload[:bcc] = mail.bcc if mail.bcc.present? payload[:cc] = mail.cc if mail.cc.present? payload[:date] = mail.date payload[:mail] = mail.encoded end def method_missing(method_name, *args) # :nodoc: if respond_to?(method_name) new(method_name, *args).message else super end end end attr_internal :message # Instantiate a new mailer object. If +method_name+ is not +nil+, the mailer # will be initialized according to the named method. If not, the mailer will # remain uninitialized (useful when you only need to invoke the "receive" # method, for instance). def initialize(method_name=nil, *args) super() @_mail_was_called = false @_message = Mail.new process(method_name, *args) if method_name end def process(*args) #:nodoc: lookup_context.skip_default_locale! super @_message = NullMail.new unless @_mail_was_called end class NullMail #:nodoc: def body; '' end def method_missing(*args) nil end end # Returns the name of the mailer object. def mailer_name self.class.mailer_name end # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new Mail::Message # object which will add them to itself. # # headers['X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header'] = "SecretValue" # # You can also pass a hash into headers of header field names and values, # which will then be set on the Mail::Message object: # # headers 'X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header' => "SecretValue", # 'In-Reply-To' => incoming.message_id # # The resulting Mail::Message will have the following in its header: # # X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header: SecretValue def headers(args = nil) if args @_message.headers(args) else @_message end end # Allows you to add attachments to an email, like so: # # mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg') # # If you do this, then Mail will take the file name and work out the mime type # set the Content-Type, Content-Disposition, Content-Transfer-Encoding and # base64 encode the contents of the attachment all for you. # # You can also specify overrides if you want by passing a hash instead of a string: # # mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip', # content: File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')} # # If you want to use a different encoding than Base64, you can pass an encoding in, # but then it is up to you to pass in the content pre-encoded, and don't expect # Mail to know how to decode this data: # # file_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')) # mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip', # encoding: 'SpecialEncoding', # content: file_content } # # You can also search for specific attachments: # # # By Filename # mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] # => Mail::Part object or nil # # # or by index # mail.attachments[0] # => Mail::Part (first attachment) # def attachments @_message.attachments end # The main method that creates the message and renders the email templates. There are # two ways to call this method, with a block, or without a block. # # Both methods accept a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify the most used headers # in an email message, these are: # # * +:subject+ - The subject of the message, if this is omitted, Action Mailer will # ask the Rails I18n class for a translated +:subject+ in the scope of # [mailer_scope, action_name] or if this is missing, will translate the # humanized version of the +action_name+ # * +:to+ - Who the message is destined for, can be a string of addresses, or an array # of addresses. # * +:from+ - Who the message is from # * +:cc+ - Who you would like to Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of addresses, # or an array of addresses. # * +:bcc+ - Who you would like to Blind-Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of # addresses, or an array of addresses. # * +:reply_to+ - Who to set the Reply-To header of the email to. # * +:date+ - The date to say the email was sent on. # # You can set default values for any of the above headers (except +:date+) # by using the ::default class method: # # class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base # default from: 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net', # bcc: 'email_logger@test.lindsaar.net', # reply_to: 'bounces@test.lindsaar.net' # end # # If you need other headers not listed above, you can either pass them in # as part of the headers hash or use the headers['name'] = value # method. # # When a +:return_path+ is specified as header, that value will be used as # the 'envelope from' address for the Mail message. Setting this is useful # when you want delivery notifications sent to a different address than the # one in +:from+. Mail will actually use the +:return_path+ in preference # to the +:sender+ in preference to the +:from+ field for the 'envelope # from' value. # # If you do not pass a block to the +mail+ method, it will find all # templates in the view paths using by default the mailer name and the # method name that it is being called from, it will then create parts for # each of these templates intelligently, making educated guesses on correct # content type and sequence, and return a fully prepared Mail::Message # ready to call +:deliver+ on to send. # # For example: # # class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base # default from: 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net', # # def welcome # mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') # end # end # # Will look for all templates at "app/views/notifier" with name "welcome". # If no welcome template exists, it will raise an ActionView::MissingTemplate error. # # However, those can be customized: # # mail(template_path: 'notifications', template_name: 'another') # # And now it will look for all templates at "app/views/notifications" with name "another". # # If you do pass a block, you can render specific templates of your choice: # # mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format| # format.text # format.html # end # # You can even render text directly without using a template: # # mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format| # format.text { render text: "Hello Mikel!" } # format.html { render text: "

Hello Mikel!

" } # end # # Which will render a +multipart/alternative+ email with +text/plain+ and # +text/html+ parts. # # The block syntax also allows you to customize the part headers if desired: # # mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format| # format.text(content_transfer_encoding: "base64") # format.html # end # def mail(headers = {}, &block) @_mail_was_called = true m = @_message # At the beginning, do not consider class default for content_type content_type = headers[:content_type] # Call all the procs (if any) class_default = self.class.default default_values = class_default.merge(class_default) do |k,v| v.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&v) : v end # Handle defaults headers = headers.reverse_merge(default_values) headers[:subject] ||= default_i18n_subject # Apply charset at the beginning so all fields are properly quoted m.charset = charset = headers[:charset] # Set configure delivery behavior wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers.delete(:delivery_method),headers.delete(:delivery_method_options)) # Assign all headers except parts_order, content_type and body assignable = headers.except(:parts_order, :content_type, :body, :template_name, :template_path) assignable.each { |k, v| m[k] = v } # Render the templates and blocks responses = collect_responses(headers, &block) create_parts_from_responses(m, responses) # Setup content type, reapply charset and handle parts order m.content_type = set_content_type(m, content_type, headers[:content_type]) m.charset = charset if m.multipart? m.body.set_sort_order(headers[:parts_order]) m.body.sort_parts! end m end protected # Used by #mail to set the content type of the message. # # It will use the given +user_content_type+, or multipart if the mail # message has any attachments. If the attachments are inline, the content # type will be "multipart/related", otherwise "multipart/mixed". # # If there is no content type passed in via headers, and there are no # attachments, or the message is multipart, then the default content type is # used. def set_content_type(m, user_content_type, class_default) params = m.content_type_parameters || {} case when user_content_type.present? user_content_type when m.has_attachments? if m.attachments.detect { |a| a.inline? } ["multipart", "related", params] else ["multipart", "mixed", params] end when m.multipart? ["multipart", "alternative", params] else m.content_type || class_default end end # Translates the +subject+ using Rails I18n class under [mailer_scope, action_name] scope. # If it does not find a translation for the +subject+ under the specified scope it will default to a # humanized version of the action_name. # If the subject has interpolations, you can pass them through the +interpolations+ parameter. def default_i18n_subject(interpolations = {}) mailer_scope = self.class.mailer_name.tr('/', '.') I18n.t(:subject, interpolations.merge(scope: [mailer_scope, action_name], default: action_name.humanize)) end def collect_responses(headers) #:nodoc: responses = [] if block_given? collector = ActionMailer::Collector.new(lookup_context) { render(action_name) } yield(collector) responses = collector.responses elsif headers[:body] responses << { body: headers.delete(:body), content_type: self.class.default[:content_type] || "text/plain" } else templates_path = headers.delete(:template_path) || self.class.mailer_name templates_name = headers.delete(:template_name) || action_name each_template(Array(templates_path), templates_name) do |template| self.formats = template.formats responses << { body: render(template: template), content_type: template.type.to_s } end end responses end def each_template(paths, name, &block) #:nodoc: templates = lookup_context.find_all(name, paths) if templates.empty? raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new(paths, name, paths, false, 'mailer') else templates.uniq { |t| t.formats }.each(&block) end end def create_parts_from_responses(m, responses) #:nodoc: if responses.size == 1 && !m.has_attachments? responses[0].each { |k,v| m[k] = v } elsif responses.size > 1 && m.has_attachments? container = Mail::Part.new container.content_type = "multipart/alternative" responses.each { |r| insert_part(container, r, m.charset) } m.add_part(container) else responses.each { |r| insert_part(m, r, m.charset) } end end def insert_part(container, response, charset) #:nodoc: response[:charset] ||= charset part = Mail::Part.new(response) container.add_part(part) end ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_mailer, self) end end