| Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Age | Files | Lines |
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configuration. [ci skip]
- The example has sqlite3 adpater in database.yml, whereas configuration object had incorrectly specified mysql2 in documentation.
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We sometimes say "✂️ newline after `private`" in a code review (e.g.
https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/18546#discussion_r23188776,
https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34832#discussion_r244847195).
Now `Layout/EmptyLinesAroundAccessModifier` cop have new enforced style
`EnforcedStyle: only_before` (https://github.com/rubocop-hq/rubocop/pull/7059).
That cop and enforced style will reduce the our code review cost.
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If we want to get alias resolved attribute finally, we can use
`attribute_alias` directly.
For that purpose, avoiding redundant `attribute_alias?` makes alias
attribute access 40% faster.
https://gist.github.com/kamipo/e427f080a27b46f50bc508fae3612a0e
Before (2c0729d8):
```
Warming up --------------------------------------
user['id'] 102.668k i/100ms
user['new_id'] 80.660k i/100ms
user['name'] 99.368k i/100ms
user['new_name'] 81.626k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
user['id'] 1.431M (± 4.0%) i/s - 7.187M in 5.031985s
user['new_id'] 1.042M (± 4.2%) i/s - 5.243M in 5.039858s
user['name'] 1.406M (± 5.6%) i/s - 7.055M in 5.036743s
user['new_name'] 1.074M (± 3.6%) i/s - 5.387M in 5.024152s
```
After (this change):
```
Warming up --------------------------------------
user['id'] 109.775k i/100ms
user['new_id'] 103.303k i/100ms
user['name'] 105.988k i/100ms
user['new_name'] 99.618k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
user['id'] 1.520M (± 6.7%) i/s - 7.574M in 5.011496s
user['new_id'] 1.485M (± 6.2%) i/s - 7.438M in 5.036252s
user['name'] 1.538M (± 5.4%) i/s - 7.737M in 5.049765s
user['new_name'] 1.516M (± 4.6%) i/s - 7.571M in 5.007293s
```
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* Avoid duplicated `@new_record` assignment
* Extract `define_attribute_methods` into `init_internals`
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I've realized that `user.id` is 20% slower than `user.name` in the
benchmark (https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35987#issuecomment-483882480).
The reason that performance difference is that `self.class.primary_key`
method call is a bit slow.
Avoiding that method call will make almost attribute access faster and
`user.id` will be completely the same performance with `user.name`.
Before (02b5b8cb):
```
Warming up --------------------------------------
user.id 140.535k i/100ms
user['id'] 96.549k i/100ms
user.name 158.110k i/100ms
user['name'] 94.507k i/100ms
user.changed? 19.003k i/100ms
user.saved_changes? 25.404k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
user.id 2.231M (± 0.9%) i/s - 11.243M in 5.040066s
user['id'] 1.310M (± 1.3%) i/s - 6.565M in 5.012607s
user.name 2.683M (± 1.2%) i/s - 13.439M in 5.009392s
user['name'] 1.322M (± 0.9%) i/s - 6.615M in 5.003239s
user.changed? 201.999k (±10.9%) i/s - 1.007M in 5.091195s
user.saved_changes? 258.214k (±17.1%) i/s - 1.245M in 5.007421s
```
After (this change):
```
Warming up --------------------------------------
user.id 158.364k i/100ms
user['id'] 106.412k i/100ms
user.name 158.644k i/100ms
user['name'] 107.518k i/100ms
user.changed? 19.082k i/100ms
user.saved_changes? 24.886k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
user.id 2.768M (± 1.1%) i/s - 13.936M in 5.034957s
user['id'] 1.507M (± 2.1%) i/s - 7.555M in 5.017211s
user.name 2.727M (± 1.5%) i/s - 13.643M in 5.004766s
user['name'] 1.521M (± 1.3%) i/s - 7.634M in 5.018321s
user.changed? 200.865k (±11.1%) i/s - 992.264k in 5.044868s
user.saved_changes? 269.652k (±10.5%) i/s - 1.344M in 5.077972s
```
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It was never used from the beginning.
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Method call in Ruby is a bit slow.
This makes attribute access 10% faster by avoiding method call
(`sync_with_transaction_state`).
Before (96cf7e0e):
```
Warming up --------------------------------------
user.id 131.291k i/100ms
user['id'] 91.786k i/100ms
user.name 151.605k i/100ms
user['name'] 92.664k i/100ms
user.changed? 17.772k i/100ms
user.saved_changes? 23.909k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
user.id 1.988M (± 7.0%) i/s - 9.978M in 5.051474s
user['id'] 1.155M (± 5.8%) i/s - 5.783M in 5.022672s
user.name 2.450M (± 4.3%) i/s - 12.280M in 5.021234s
user['name'] 1.263M (± 2.1%) i/s - 6.394M in 5.066638s
user.changed? 175.070k (±13.3%) i/s - 853.056k in 5.011555s
user.saved_changes? 259.114k (±11.8%) i/s - 1.267M in 5.001260s
```
After (this change):
```
Warming up --------------------------------------
user.id 137.625k i/100ms
user['id'] 96.054k i/100ms
user.name 156.379k i/100ms
user['name'] 94.795k i/100ms
user.changed? 18.172k i/100ms
user.saved_changes? 24.337k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
user.id 2.201M (± 0.5%) i/s - 11.010M in 5.002955s
user['id'] 1.320M (± 1.0%) i/s - 6.628M in 5.021293s
user.name 2.677M (± 1.6%) i/s - 13.449M in 5.024399s
user['name'] 1.314M (± 1.8%) i/s - 6.636M in 5.051444s
user.changed? 190.588k (±11.1%) i/s - 944.944k in 5.065848s
user.saved_changes? 262.782k (±12.1%) i/s - 1.290M in 5.028080s
```
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Currently the rollback only restores primary key value, `new_record?`,
`destroyed?`, and `frozen?`. Since the `save` clears current dirty
attribute states, retrying save after rollback will causes no change
saved if partial writes is enabled (by default).
This makes `remember_transaction_record_state` remembers original values
then restores dirty attribute states after rollback.
Fixes #15018.
Fixes #30167.
Fixes #33868.
Fixes #33443.
Closes #33444.
Closes #34504.
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This reverts commit 58410b3d566e6b93c7b71c0eec0fc11ec906b68e.
If we have any implicit commit/rollback callbacks, it is necessary to
add record to transaction explicitly like `:touch_deferred_attributes`.
https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5f261d04d6f857d49c75124df809adfbd6cd5b5e/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb#L9
https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5f261d04d6f857d49c75124df809adfbd6cd5b5e/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb#L25
But I can't find any other implicit commit/rollback callbacks in our
code base at least now.
I think the `self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)` line
doesn't cover any behavior.
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Related and follows d333d85254d27cd572e6ecce8ee850c107a4f340.
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Caching `find_by` statements on STI subclasses is unsafe, since
`type IN (?,?,?,?)` part is dynamic, and we don't have SQL statements
cache invalidation when a STI subclass is created or removed for now.
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With this benchmark:
require "bundler/setup"
require "active_record"
require "benchmark/ips"
# This connection will do for database-independent bug reports.
ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: "sqlite3", database: ":memory:")
ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
end
end
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
end
new_post = Post.new
Benchmark.ips do |b|
b.report("present?") do
new_post.present?
end
b.report("blank?") do
new_post.blank?
end
end
Before:
Warming up --------------------------------------
present? 52.147k i/100ms
blank? 53.077k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
present? 580.184k (±21.8%) i/s - 2.555M in 5.427085s
blank? 601.537k (± 9.2%) i/s - 2.972M in 5.003503s
After:
Warming up --------------------------------------
present? 378.235k i/100ms
blank? 375.476k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
present? 17.381M (± 7.5%) i/s - 86.238M in 5.001815s
blank? 17.877M (± 6.4%) i/s - 88.988M in 5.004634s
This improvement is mostly because those methods were hitting
`method_missing` on a lot of levels to be able to return the value.
To avoid all this stack walking we are short-circuiting those methods.
Closes #35059.
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When I wrote the `connected_to` and `connects_to` API's I wrote them
with the idea in mind that it didn't really matter what the
handlers/roles were called as long as those connecting to the roles knew
which one wrote and which one read.
With the introduction of the middleware Rails begins to assume it's
`writing` and `reading` and there's no room for other roles. At GitHub
we've been using this method for a long time so we have a ton of legacy
code that uses different handler names `default` and `readonly`. We
could rename all our code but I think this is better for a few reasons:
- Legacy apps that have been using multiple databases for a long time
can have an eaiser time switching.
- If we later find this to cause more issues than it's worth we can
easily deprecate.
- We won't force old apps to rewrite the resolver middleware just to use
a different handler.
Adding the writing_role/reading_role required that I move the code that
creates the first handler for writing to the railtie. If I didn't move
this the core class would assign the handler before I was able to assign
a new one in my configuration and I'd end up with 3 handlers instead of
2.
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The following PR adds behavior to Rails to allow an application to
automatically switch it's connection from the primary to the replica.
A request will be sent to the replica if:
* The request is a read request (`GET` or `HEAD`)
* AND It's been 2 seconds since the last write to the database (because
we don't want to send a user to a replica if the write hasn't made it
to the replica yet)
A request will be sent to the primary if:
* It's not a GET/HEAD request (ie is a POST, PATCH, etc)
* Has been less than 2 seconds since the last write to the database
The implementation that decides when to switch reads (the 2 seconds) is
"safe" to use in production but not recommended without adequate testing
with your infrastructure. At GitHub in addition to the a 5 second delay
we have a curcuit breaker that checks the replication delay
and will send the query to a replica before the 5 seconds has passed.
This is specific to our application and therefore not something Rails
should be doing for you. You'll need to test and implement more robust
handling of when to switch based on your infrastructure. The auto
switcher in Rails is meant to be a basic implementation / API that acts
as a guide for how to implement autoswitching.
The impementation here is meant to be strict enough that you know how to
implement your own resolver and operations classes but flexible enough
that we're not telling you how to do it.
The middleware is not included automatically and can be installed in
your application with the classes you want to use for the resolver and
operations passed in. If you don't pass any classes into the middleware
the Rails default Resolver and Session classes will be used.
The Resolver decides what parameters define when to
switch, Operations sets timestamps for the Resolver to read from. For
example you may want to use cookies instead of a session so you'd
implement a Resolver::Cookies class and pass that into the middleware
via configuration options.
```
config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
config.active_record.database_resolver = MyResolver
config.active_record.database_operations = MyResolver::MyCookies
```
Your classes can inherit from the existing classes and reimplment the
methods (or implement more methods) that you need to do the switching.
You only need to implement methods that you want to change. For example
if you wanted to set the session token for the last read from a replica
you would reimplement the `read_from_replica` method in your resolver
class and implement a method that updates a new timestamp in your
operations class.
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Since 31ffbf8d, finder methods no longer raise `RangeError`. So
`StatementCache#execute` is the only place to raise the exception for
finder queries.
`StatementCache` is used for simple equality queries in the codebase.
This means that if `StatementCache#execute` raises `RangeError`, the
result could always be regarded as empty.
So `StatementCache#execute` just return nil in that range error case,
and treat that as empty in the caller side, then we can avoid catching
the exception in much places.
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Only define attribute methods from schema cache
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To define the attribute methods for a model, Active Record needs to know
the schema of the underlying table, which is usually achieved by making
a request to the database. This is undesirable behaviour while the app
is booting, for two reasons: it makes the boot process dependent on the
availability of the database, and it means every new process will make
one query for each table, which can cause issues for large applications.
However, if the application is using the schema cache dump feature, then
the schema cache already contains the necessary information, and we can
define the attribute methods without causing any extra database queries.
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If exist `:nodoc:` before method define, it affects all subsequent
method definitions.
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The connection handler was using the RuntimeRegistry which kind of
implies it's a per thread registry. But it's actually per fiber.
If you have an application that uses fibers and you're using multiple
databases, when you switch the connection handler to swap connections
new fibers running on the same thread used to get a different connection
id. This PR changes the code to actually use a thread so that we get
the same connection.
Fixes https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/30047
[Eileen M. Uchitelle, Aaron Patterson, & Arthur Neeves]
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The `read_attribute` method always returns the primary key when asked to
read the `id` attribute, even if the primary key isn't named `id`, and
even if another attribute named `id` exists.
For the `inspect`, `attribute_for_inspect` and `pretty_print` methods,
this behaviour is undesirable, as they're used to examine the internal
state of the record. By using `_read_attribute` instead, we'll get the
real value of the `id` attribute.
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Implement AR#inspect using ParameterFilter
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AR instance support `filter_parameters` since #33756.
Though Regex or Proc is valid as `filter_parameters`,
they are not supported as AR#inspect.
I also add :mask option and #filter_params to
`ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter#new` to implement this.
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`init_with` and `init_from_db` are almost the same code except decode
`coder`.
And also, named `init_from_db` is a little misreading, a raw values hash
from the database is already converted to an attributes object by
`attributes_builder.build_from_database`, so passed `attributes` in that
method is just an attributes object.
I renamed that method to `init_with_attributes` since the method is
shared with `init_with` to initialize an empty model object.
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This PR adds the ability to 1) connect to multiple databases in a model,
and 2) switch between those connections using a block.
To connect a model to a set of databases for writing and reading use
the following API. This API supercedes `establish_connection`. The
`writing` and `reading` keys represent handler / role names and
`animals` and `animals_replica` represents the database key to look up
the configuration hash from.
```
class AnimalsBase < ApplicationRecord
connects_to database: { writing: :animals, reading: :animals_replica }
end
```
Inside the application - outside the model declaration - we can switch
connections with a block call to `connected_to`.
If we want to connect to a db that isn't default (ie readonly_slow) we
can connect like this:
Outside the model we may want to connect to a new database (one that is
not in the default writing/reading set) - for example a slow replica for
making slow queries. To do this we have the `connected_to` method that
takes a `database` hash that matches the signature of `connects_to`. The
`connected_to` method also takes a block.
```
AcitveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: { slow_readonly: :primary_replica_slow }) do
ModelInPrimary.do_something_thats_slow
end
```
For models that are already loaded and connections that are already
connected, `connected_to` doesn't need to pass in a `database` because
you may want to run queries against multiple databases using a specific
role/handler.
In this case `connected_to` can take a `role` and use that to swap on
the connection passed. This simplies queries - and matches how we do it
in GitHub. Once you're connected to the database you don't need to
re-connect, we assume the connection is in the pool and simply pass the
handler we'd like to swap on.
```
ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
Dog.read_something_from_dog
ModelInPrimary.do_something_from_model_in_primary
end
```
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Also remove `# :nodoc:` for `ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods` in order
to show non-nodoc methods in that module on the api docs http://edgeapi.rubyonrails.org
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It would allow `filter_attributes` to be reused across multiple
calls to `#inspect` or `#pretty_print`.
- Add `require "set"`
- Remove `filter_attributes` instance reader. I think there is no need
to keep it.
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- Move
```
filter_attributes = self.filter_attributes.map(&:to_s).to_set
filter_attributes.include?(attribute_name) && !read_attribute(attribute_name).nil?
```
to private method.
- Fix tests in `activerecord/test/cases/filter_attributes_test.rb`
- Ensure that `teardown` sets `ActiveRecord::Base.filter_attributes` to
previous state.
- Ensure that `Admin::Account.filter_attributes` is set to previous
state in the "filter_attributes could be overwritten by models" test.
Follow up #33756
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Add mention that `config.filter_parameters` also filters out sensitive
values of database columns when call `#inspect` since #33756.
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sensitive value of database column when call `#inspect`
* Why
Some sensitive data will be exposed in log accidentally by calling `#inspect`, e.g.
```ruby
@account = Account.find params[:id]
payload = { account: @account }
logger.info "payload will be #{ payload }"
```
All the information of `@account` will be exposed in log.
* Solution
Add a class attribute filter_attributes to specify which values of columns shouldn't be exposed.
This attribute equals to `Rails.application.config.filter_parameters` by default.
```ruby
Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:credit_card_number]
Account.last.insepct # => #<Account id: 123, credit_card_number: [FILTERED] ...>
```
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While the three-tier config makes it easier to define databases for
multiple database applications, it quickly became clear to offer full
support for multiple databases we need to change the way the connections
hash was handled.
A three-tier config means that when Rails needed to choose a default
configuration (in the case a user doesn't ask for a specific
configuration) it wasn't clear to Rails which the default was. I
[bandaid fixed this so the rake tasks could work](#32271) but that fix
wasn't correct because it actually doubled up the configuration hashes.
Instead of attemping to manipulate the hashes @tenderlove and I decided
that it made more sense if we converted the hashes to objects so we can
easily ask those object questions. In a three tier config like this:
```
development:
primary:
database: "my_primary_db"
animals:
database; "my_animals_db"
```
We end up with an object like this:
```
@configurations=[
#<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10
@env_name="development",@spec_name="primary",
@config={"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"db/development.sqlite3"}>,
#<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbdea90
@env_name="development",@spec_name="animals",
@config={"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"db/development.sqlite3"}>
]>
```
The configurations setter takes the database configuration set by your
application and turns them into an
`ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations` object that has one getter -
`@configurations` which is an array of all the database objects.
The configurations getter returns this object by default since it acts
like a hash in most of the cases we need. For example if you need to
access the default `development` database we can simply request it as we
did before:
```
ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["development"]
```
This will return primary development database configuration hash:
```
{ "database" => "my_primary_db" }
```
Internally all of Active Record has been converted to use the new
objects. I've built this to be backwards compatible but allow for
accessing the hash if needed for a deprecation period. To get the
original hash instead of the object you can either add `to_h` on the
configurations call or pass `legacy: true` to `configurations.
```
ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.to_h
=> { "development => { "database" => "my_primary_db" } }
ActiveRecord::Base.configurations(legacy: true)
=> { "development => { "database" => "my_primary_db" } }
```
The new configurations object allows us to iterate over the Active
Record configurations without losing the known environment or
specification name for that configuration. You can also select all the
configs for an env or env and spec. With this we can always ask
any object what environment it belongs to:
```
db_configs = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configurations_for("development")
=> #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations:0x00007fd1acbdf800
@configurations=[
#<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10
@env_name="development",@spec_name="primary",
@config={"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"db/development.sqlite3"}>,
#<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbdea90
@env_name="development",@spec_name="animals",
@config={"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"db/development.sqlite3"}>
]>
db_config.env_name
=> "development"
db_config.spec_name
=> "primary"
db_config.config
=> { "adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"db/development.sqlite3" }
```
The configurations object is more flexible than the configurations hash
and will allow us to build on top of the connection management in order
to add support for primary/replica connections, sharding, and
constructing queries for associations that live in multiple databases.
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This commit follows the path we started at commit #ea4f0e2
and continued at PR #33229.
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Now that `allocate` is removed, we need to define attribute methods in
all "init" methods.
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* master:
Call initialize after allocate
Remove `ActiveSupport::Concern` from `ActiveRecord::Aggregations`
Add example for no_touching? in active_record/no_touching for api docs [ci skip]
Generate a new key for each service test
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If someone calls allocate on the object, they'd better also call an
initialization routine too (you can't expect allocate to do any
initialization work). Before this commit, AR objects that are
instantiated from the database would call `define_attribute_methods`
twice.
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This commit speeds up allocating homogeneous lists of AR objects. We
can know if the result set contains an STI column before initializing
every AR object, so this change pulls the "does this result set contain
an STI column?" test up, then uses a specialized instantiation function.
This way we only have to check for an STI column once rather than N
times.
This change also introduces a new initialization function that is meant
for use when allocating AR objects that come from the database. Doing
this allows us to eliminate one hash allocation per AR instance.
Here is a benchmark:
```ruby
require 'active_record'
require 'benchmark/ips'
ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection adapter: "sqlite3", database: ":memory:"
ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
create_table :users, force: true do |t|
t.string :name
t.timestamps null: false
end
end
class User < ActiveRecord::Base; end
2000.times do
User.create!(name: "Gorby")
end
Benchmark.ips do |x|
x.report("find") do
User.limit(2000).to_a
end
end
```
Results:
Before:
```
[aaron@TC activerecord (master)]$ be ruby -I lib:~/git/allocation_tracer/lib speed.rb
Warming up --------------------------------------
find 5.000 i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
find 56.192 (± 3.6%) i/s - 285.000 in 5.080940s
```
After:
```
[aaron@TC activerecord (homogeneous-allocation)]$ be ruby -I lib:~/git/allocation_tracer/lib speed.rb
Warming up --------------------------------------
find 7.000 i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
find 72.204 (± 2.8%) i/s - 364.000 in 5.044592s
```
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Most of the time the table and predicate_builder
passed to Relation.new are exactly the
arel_table and predicate builder of the
given klass. This uses klass.arel_table
and klass.predicate_builder as the defaults,
so we don't have to pass them in most cases.
This does change the signaure of both Relation and
AssocationRelation. Are we ok with that?
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This new ActiveRecord configuration option allows you to easily
pinpoint what line of application code is triggering SQL queries in the
development log by appending below each SQL statement log the line of
Ruby code that triggered it.
It’s useful with N+1 issues, and to locate stray queries.
By default this new option ignores Rails and Ruby code in order to
surface only callers from your application Ruby code or your gems.
It is enabled on newly generated Rails 5.2 applications and can be
enabled on existing Rails applications:
```ruby
Rails.application.configure do
# ...
config.active_record.verbose_query_logs = true
end
```
The `rails app:upgrade` task will also add it to
`config/development.rb`.
This feature purposely avoids coupling with
ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner since ActiveRecord can be used without
ActiveRecord. This decision can be reverted in the future to allow more
configurable backtraces (the exclusion of gem callers for example).
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These extra `spawn` are called via `klass.all` and `klass.all` is called
everywhere in the internal. Avoiding the extra `spawn` makes` klass.all`
30% faster for STI classes.
https://gist.github.com/kamipo/684d03817a8115848cec8e8b079560b7
```
Warming up --------------------------------------
fast relation 4.410k i/100ms
slow relation 3.334k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
fast relation 47.373k (± 5.2%) i/s - 238.140k in 5.041836s
slow relation 35.757k (±15.9%) i/s - 176.702k in 5.104625s
Comparison:
fast relation: 47373.2 i/s
slow relation: 35756.7 i/s - 1.32x slower
```
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This comment was added at 97849de, but `AssociationProxy` and
`test_triple_equality` was removed at 1644663. Currently the `===` is
used for `test_decorated_polymorphic_where` that added at #11945.
So I updated "association proxies" to "decorated models".
And also, currently `Core::ClassMethods` appears in the doc.
http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Core/ClassMethods.html
But it looks like that the methods in the module is not public API.
So I also added `# :nodoc:` to the module.
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Statement caches are used as a concurrent map. It will more clarify to
using `Concurrent::Map`.
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Actually `StatementCache#execute` is always passed the same klass that
the owner klass of the connection when the statement cache is created.
So passing `klass` to `StatementCache.new` will make more DRY.
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Fix `find_by` with range conditions
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`StatementCache` doesn't support range conditions. So we need to through
the args to `FinderMethods#find_by` if range value is passed.
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